Definitions for Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention of Substance Abuse Disorders
Primary Prevention
Primary prevention of substance abuse refers to the events associated with preventing the misuse of prescription drug or prevention before the onset of symptoms (Hogan, Gabrielsen, Luna, & Grothaus, 2003; WHO, 2019). The approach can be classified into universal, indicated, or selective depending on the risks associated with a given substance. The universal approach targets a large group or an entire population. Selective approaches focus on subgroups while indicated prevention measures target high-risk individuals (Hogan, Gabrielsen, Luna, & Grothaus, 2003). For example, screening, evaluation of persons predisposed to substance abuse can be conducted and after that educated on the risks and alternatives.
Secondary Prevention
Secondary prevention strategy refers to the treatment of patients suffering from drug delinquency or at risk of developing substance use disorders (Marsiglia et al, 2012). Therefore, the people admitted to this category are abusers of substances, thereby requiring an initiative to help them recover from the habit. An example of such programs includes rehabilitation programs and social groups involving identified persons who have not yet developed extreme symptoms associated with the use of a given substance (Kagle, 1987).
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Tertiary Prevention
Tertiary prevention involves the management of people with advanced symptoms of substance abuse (Kagle, 1987: Bishop, 1905)). The signs and symptoms of substance abuse are fully manifested from substance abuse. Programs such as Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMP) and Naloxone (NARCAN) antidote for opioid overdose have been initiated to monitor and manage patients with advanced symptoms.
How The Affordable Care Law Relates To Primary, Secondary, And Tertiary Prevention Of Substance Abuse Disorders
The government has established regulations through the Affordable Care Law and Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (2008) to govern the prevention of substance abuse (McLellan & Woodworth, 2014). The regulations set stringent measures for bodies established in the discipline, thereby allowing only those credible bodies to continue offering the services; this aspect causes disruption in the sector, which may delay or enhance the process. The Medicaid initiative is responsible for paying prescriptions such as opioid pain relievers used in managing patients with substance abuse (Saloner et al., 2018). Such initiatives encourage addicts and other people in need to access help. Therefore, the regulations are responsible for either increasing or decreasing access to management alternatives as well as defining the credibility of service providers. Either way, the regulations are important in protecting the safety of substance abusers.
Response to Case Study 1 Questions
Mathew Has Violated Ethical Standards
Mr. Mathew, whether unawares or aware of it, is serving in the capacity of a school counselor. He has received the mandate to serve as a guide to the Founder's Valley schoolchildren on matters substance abuse. Ethical guidelines to school counselors, a school counselor should treat all students equally in discharging responsibilities and should report cases involving discrimination, sexual harassment, and other forms of violence (American School Counselor Association, 1992). Presently, Mathew is trespassing these regulations and is leading Debi to feel special by directing affections towards her above other members of the committee. Therefore, Mathew is acting unethically by advancing affections to Debi, which could affect the other committee members. Mathew should be universal in his treatment of committee. The students should be led to feel as equally important, and nothing about looks should be incorporated in the discussions. All that should matter is character development which, when linked to appearances, causes a bias that could distract Mathew from discharging his duties faithfully.
Debi’s Mother Should Be Concerned
Debi's mother should be concerned. She is Debi' parent, and her involvement in the growth and development of her child is important to her since she bears all responsibilities. Debi is still under eighteen years, which makes her mother responsible for most of her actions. Parents are supposed to be involved in their child's education process of which Debi is in a school program, protect them and control affairs in favor of their children (Breiner, Ford, & Gadsden, 2016). The program should nurture Debi to develop virtues and deviation from that principle is sufficient to stir trouble in Debi's mother. Mathew's actions are unbecoming and directed towards Debi alone. That is a sufficient signal to indicate that Mathew could be prying on Debi and her mother should protect her.
References
American School Counselor Association. (1992). Ethical standards for school counselors. The School Counselor , 84-88.
Bishop, E. (1905). Narcotic Drug Addiction: A Public Health Problem. American Journal of Public Health, 9 : 481-488
Breiner, H., Ford, M., & Gadsden, V. L. (2016). Parenting Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices. In Parenting Matters: Supporting Parents of Children Ages 0-8. National Academies Press (US).
Hogan, J. A., Gabrielsen, K. R., Luna, N. & Grothaus, D. (2003). Substance Abuse Prevention: The Intersection of Science and Practice. University of Nevada, Reno.
Kagle, J. D. (1987). Secondary Prevention of Substance Abuse. Social Work, 32 (5), 446-448,
Marsiglia, F. F., Ayers, S., Gance-Cleveland, B., Mettler, K., & Booth, J. (2012). Beyond primary prevention of alcohol use: A culturally specific secondary prevention program for Mexican heritage adolescents. Prevention Science, 13 (3), 241-251.
McLellan, A. T., & Woodworth, A. M. (2014). The affordable care act and treatment for “substance use disorders:” implications of ending segregated behavioral healthcare. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 46 (5), 541-545.
Saloner, B., Levin, J., Chang, H. Y., Jones, C., & Alexander, G. C. (2018). Changes in buprenorphine-naloxone and opioid pain reliever prescriptions after the Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion. JAMA Network Open, 1 (4), e181588-e181588.
WHO. (2019). Management of substance abuse . Retrieved from https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/global_initiative/primary_prevention/en/
