Article 1
In this article, Losoncz & Tyson (2007) explore the consequences of reintegrative shaming theory (RST) in the society, and especially concerning youths. The theory was proposed by Braithwaite. The theoretical framework aims at restoring justice in the communities and societies. Youth delinquency is an issue that many societies are grappling to manage. Failure to contain or suppress the emergence of delinquent behaviors among the youths leads to the development of a socially deviant environment ( Losoncz & Tyson, 2007). As the youths grow into adults, there is the likelihood of them turning into hardcore criminals who would affect the peace and tranquility that is much needed for peaceful co-existence and economic progress. In the attempt to restore youths to be aligned with social norms and values, some parents have shamed their children. According to the author, the communication of shame should be effective and devoid of stigmatization. The author states that crime reduction can be achieved through reintegrative shaming. Conversely, stigmatizing shaming intensifies the commission of crimes among the youths. RST requires the empirical test to understand the mechanics of the theory and its effective applicability.
Article 2
Stark (1987) attempts to develop the proposition that explains the continued existence of deviant behaviors in specific neighborhoods. Many of the neighborhoods that are considered socially deviant are characterized by certain features. However, according to Stark, the deviant behavior of a specific neighborhood will be sustained or maintained despite a complete overhaul of the entire population. The author mentions five factors that determine the high rate of deviance in urban neighborhoods. The essential elements include density, poverty, mixed-use, transience, and dilapidation (Stark, 1987). The factors are used to develop specific propositions while at the same time evaluating the impacts of the factors on the moral order. The responses that are explored in response to the factors include moral cynicism, increased chances for crime and deviance, increased motivation to deviate from crime, and diminished social control. The density of the population affects the interaction of the children in a neighborhood. When the population density is high, all individuals receive maximum peer forces to deviate.
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Furthermore, moral cynicism is impacted by high population density. The author states some propositions that contribute to the development of ecology of crime. All the propositions resonate to what most societies are facing in the wake of high crime rates and deviance. The ultimate goal of the author is to increase the research in this area and therefore develop a framework for controlling high crime rates and deviance in neighborhoods.
Article 3
Burgess (1935) addresses the emergence and growth of cities and its effects on the social order of the community. New technologies and infrastructures characterize modern urban life. As much as the physical outlook of the cities changes, more subtle changes in the social life of the populace begins to be manifested ( Burgess, 1935). The author shows that the social life of cities is different from that one of the rural areas. The cities expand radially into concentric zones or circles. Each concentric zone has unique features regarding physical and social structures. The process of proceeding to the next zone is referred to as succession. As one zone becomes invaded, the populace will determine ways of expanding. Concentration and decentralization is another complementary way of expansion. The most significant effect of expansion in cities is social organization or disorganization. Expansion of cities is attributed to the growing number of population. Newcomers into the city find an entirely new system that necessitates them to realign to the social forces. Rapid urban growth leads to a myriad of challenges such as increased rates of crimes, vices, suicide, insanity, diseases, and social disorganization.
Article 4
The author addresses the lapses that exist between primary and secondary deviation. According to Lemert (1969), numerous theories have been developed to explain specific pathologies of human behavior. However, the theories lack a general idea. The general theory of social pathology as proposed by the author will go a long way in addressing the original causes and effects of causes of primary and secondary deviation. The article attempts to find a connection between sociological viewpoints of different theorists and rational programs of social control ( Lemert, 1969). The conception of individuals by the immediate society determines their secondary deviance. The sequence of development of secondary deviation is rooted in the primary deviation. Subsequently, social penalties lead to further primary deviation. Stronger penalties and rejections lead to a further deviation. Eventually, the hostilities and resentments reach a crisis level when a person is stigmatized in the community. Therefore, personality changes are attributed to the societal definition and generalization of subjective counterparts.
Article 5
In the article, the author suggests that conscious and deliberate separation of individuals based on their conduct or behavior leads to the development of their personalities ( Tannenbaum, 1975). As such, criminals in society are made. The process includes tagging, defining, identifying, describing, emphasizing, making conscious and self-conscious. As such dramatization of evil is the resultant effect that is attributed to innocent maladjustment. In other words, a person becomes what the society has made him or her be. Evil begins at a younger age. Therefore, the author condemns societies for their maladjustment of children which lead to the creation of criminals. The article suggests that societies should take considerate approaches in dealing with children who are exhibited elements of delinquencies and social deviance (Tannenbaum, 1975). The tagging of children is counterproductive and detrimental to the goals of society.
References
Burgess, E. W. (1935). The growth of the city: an introduction to a research project . Ardent Media.
Lemert, E. M. (1969). Primary and secondary deviation. DR Cressey y .
Losoncz, I., & Tyson, G. (2007). Parental shaming and adolescent delinquency: A partial test of reintegrative shaming theory. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology , 40 (2), 161-178.
Stark, R. (1987). Deviant places: A theory of the ecology of crime. Criminology , 25 (4), 893-910.
Tannenbaum, F. (1975). The dramatization of evil. Perception in criminology. L , 351.
