A researcher is studying the relationship between political orientation (liberal or conservative) and child-rearing (permissiveness vs. non-permissive). The researcher has surveyed 20 people with the following results.
Child-rearing style
Political Orientation
| Case 1 | Liberal | Permissive |
| Case 2 | Conservative | Permissive |
| Case 3 | Liberal | Non-permissive |
| Case 4 | Conservative | Non-permissive |
| Case 5 | Liberal | Permissive |
| Case 6 | Liberal | Non-permissive |
| Case 7 | Conservative | Non-permissive |
| Case 8 | Conservative | Non-permissive |
| Case 9 | Liberal | Permissive |
| Case 10 | Conservative | Non-permissive |
| Case 11 | Liberal | Non-permissive |
| Case 12 | Liberal | Permissive |
| Case 13 | Conservative | Permissive |
| Case 14 | Conservative | Non-permissive |
| Case 15 | Conservative | Non-permissive |
| Case 16 | Liberal | Permissive |
| Case 17 | Liberal | Permissive |
| Case 18 | Liberal | Permissive |
| Case 19 | Conservative | Non-permissive |
| Case 20 | Conservative | Permissive |
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Introduction
When conducting a research study, you are inevitably attempting to answer a research question. This is often done by formulating a hypothesis or hypotheses and evaluating the researching question via the process of hypothesis testing. In this paper, a research question will be answered via the process of hypothesis testing. The study involves determining the relationship between political orientation and child-rearing style.
Research Question
To determine the relationship between political orientation (liberal or conservative) and child-rearing style (permissiveness vs. non-permissiveness).
Research Hypothesis
The Dependent Variables (DV) and Independent Variables (IV)
The independent variable in this study is political orientation. In this study, there are two political orientations, namely, liberal orientation and conservative orientation. These are the independent variables (IVs). The dependent variable in this study is the child-rearing style. In this study, there are two child-rearing styles, namely, permissive child-rearing style and non-permissive child-rearing style. These are the dependent variables (DVs).
The Measure of Each Variable
All the variables are categorical variables. As such, the nominal scale, which is also referred to as the categorical variables scale, is the type of measure for each variable. The variables liberal/ conservation orientation and permissive or non-permissive child-rearing style do not involve a quantitative value or order. Thus, the type of measure for each of these variables is the nominal scale. It is important to note that there are cases where numbers associated with these variables are used. However, the numbers are only tags for categorization or division.
Statistical Test and Level of Significance
The Chi-Square test is the type of test that would be used for testing the relationship between political orientation and child-rearing style. As stated earlier, the variables measured in this study are categorical variables. Thus, the Chi-Square statistic is the best test for testing this relationship. This is because this test is commonly used for testing relationships between categorical variables. With regard to the level of significance, I will use 0.05 as the level of significance. It is a convention to set the level of significance at 0.05 (Kim, 2015). Since it is a convention to set the level of significance to 0.05, I will use 0.05 as the level of significance for this study. Changing the level of significance changes the evidentiary standard. For instance, increasing the level of significance from 0.05 to 0.1 lowers the evidentiary standard and vice versa.
Determining Sample Size
The formula for determining the sample size is:
Where;
The z-value is found in the Z table.
Using the z value, we can determine the sample size for the following proportions: 60% and 40%.
60%
Therefore;
40%
Based on the parameters given, a sample size of 400 is appropriate. However, in this study, the researcher surveyed only 20 people.
What to Expect from the Results of this Statistical Analysis
From the study, I expect the p-value to be less than the level of significance. If the p-value is less than the level of significance, the null hypothesis will be rejected. If the p-value is greater than the level of significance, the alternative hypothesis will be rejected. Some of the potential errors include non-responsive errors and errors in data collection and recording. Non-responsive errors are introduced when the participants are not contacted or refuse to respond. Errors can also be introduced when collecting and recording data.
Statistical Analysis
Chi-Square Test
Child Rearing Style |
|||
|
Political Orientation |
Permissive | Non-Permissive | Grand Total |
|
Liberal |
7 |
3 |
10 |
|
Conservative |
3 |
7 |
10 |
|
Grand Total |
10 |
10 |
20 |
| Expected | |||
|
Political Orientation |
Permissive | Non-Permissive | Grand Total |
|
Liberal |
5 |
5 |
10 |
|
Conservative |
5 |
5 |
10 |
|
Grand Total |
10 |
10 |
20 |
| P |
0.07364 |
||
The p-value (0.07364) is greater than the level of significance (0.05). Therefore, the alternative hypothesis is rejected. This means that liberals express a preference for permissiveness while conservatives express a preference for non-permissiveness.
Conclusion
The p-value is greater than the level of significance. Since the p-value is greater, the alternative hypothesis was rejected. Based on the findings of this study, liberals expressed a preference for permissiveness, while conservatives expressed a preference for non-permissiveness. The inference that can be drawn from this study is that liberals prefer a permissive child-rearing style while conservatives prefer a non-permissive child-rearing style.
References
Kim, J. (2015). How to choose the level of significance: A pedagogical note. MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive
