Sampling is like a conductor in the orchestra. When we have a topic that the researcher is interested in, sampling can coordinate the result. According to Tuovila (2019), it is a process in research that performs to analyze statistics. The method can be used randomly or systemically for the study. Still, if the sample were selected randomly, all the population would get an equal chance to answer the survey questions. And as a researcher, the questions will be created to be simple and easy to understand; also, they will get a large group of population (Hayes, 2019).
In my research, my topic is "End of life care." The reason why I picked this topic is that I have seen many people who have been diagnosed with a terminal illness. It is burden issues to patients themselves and the family members. It is a discouraging event to their loved one when they see that the patient is not getting well and that he has a worse prognosis. All of his people at this time will have a difficult time handling the issues. The method of this research will progress with the patients and their family who is diagnosed with a terminal illness such as stroke, cancer, respiratory problems, and cardiac issues during hospitalization; palliative care is needed, also, caregivers such as health care providers. Confusion may arise because caregivers coordinate all the intricacies of palliative care. Caregivers need to help with physical, emotional, legal, psychological problems as well as their wishes and making decisions (Ferguson, 2015).
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Sampling
Since my topic is specific for end of care management, the study will focus on patients in palliative care. The target population is the senior adults above 70 years who are terminally ill or are under long-term care of RNs, CAN, or LVN. 60 participants from 10 palliative care settings will be targeted for the study. Most individuals suitable for the palliative care intervention or the program are the heterogeneous group. For instance, defining a palliative care group within an application is deemed anstructured program that provides specific medical care to the patients. It also gives medications in terms of drugs or therapy that seeks to manage acute or chronic pains and control the symptoms administered by specialized and trained physicians and some clinicians. The physicians and clinicians can as well provide supportive care services like, for instance, counselling or advanced directives, spiritual care, and social services to patients with advanced diseases as well as their families.
In order to achieve the projected research question, the study should prepare an expressive qualitative research plan that seeks to explore the caregiver's perception and experience of the psychological care the patients are provided. The broad target population calls for considering how the researcher, clinicians and administrators, the patients as well as their family members will have different opinions and viewpoints based on whom to include in the study. A rigorous sampling design can be used to select a representative sample from the targeted sample population. However, the targeted populace is operationalized through identifying the suitability criteria which seek to identify who to allow in participating in the study. This helps to determine who is considered “eligible” for the research, and the inclusion criteria describe this. Exclusion criteria will determine those who should not be included. Individuals below 70 years and will be included from the study. Senior adults above 70 years but not in palliative care will also be excluded. The investigation will consider the scientific, pragmatic, safety and ethical issues while it develops each exclusion and inclusion criterion or the sample boundary.
It is essential to select the criteria that give the anticipated sample because some factors may create unintentional exclusions. For instance, some clinicians or a particular setting might be overlooked. They may fail to participate; thus, the clinicians get biased to patients to refer to studies. However, some patients may also fail to cooperate. In that case, such behaviours may influence the sample and need to be analyzed while determining the design for selection criteria, which yields the best sample. The sample should include participant's characteristics such as their ages, gender, diagnosis, and ethnicity. However, some aspect influences the sample selection and need to be considered. These are some criteria that are challenging in palliative care research. Challenges are caused by aspects such as criteria with regards to selection from the ones referred to palliative care services, performance status (PS), prognosis, mental status, disease stage, and present caregiver or member of the family.
Data collection
The research can carry out a qualitative study, thus having one round of open-ended, or semi-structured, or maybe in-depth interviews. This will allow the free participation of participants while giving their feelings and opinions, views, and detailing their experiences fully. Some questions that can be prepared for the researcher to cover with the participants should be sensitive to the participant’s needs to allow both the researcher and the patients interact at ease. Each participant will be interviewed separately and in confidentiality. A designated room will be in place at the facility away from interruptions to ensure the participant's anonymity and privacy during the interview.
Data Analysis
According to Polit and Beck, the research should analyze the data to organize and provide a structure that helps elicit the meaning of the research data. Data collection should be ongoing in conjunction with the data analysis while the interviews are conducted. The data is synthesized, interpreted, and communicated to have a meaning. In essence, Burns and Grove have pointed the three phases such, as description, analysis and interpretation, which are phases that data analysis should occur. Verbatim transcription of the oral interview responses will be conducted to ensure every detail is recorded. The research should clarify any issues that arise during the interview to ensure data saturation. The data will be categorized into separate sub-groups depending on the themes of the questions to make it easy for analysis and interpretation.
Reliability
Reliability will be measured by how credible the process will be. The research will be open, adhere to a philosophical perspective, thoroughness during data collection and putting all data into consideration. Ideally, the research should develop precise principles that examine the credibility and trustworthiness and quality of the study. In that case, it is essential to consider credibility, conformability, dependability, and transferability while evaluating the quality and trustworthiness of the data. A pilot study can be carried out to test and increase credibility and can be done by seeking clarification of any issue when interviewing is on progress. The sampling process will also ensure that only eligible participants are included in the study without selection bias.
Validity
Valid data implies that its conformability is undoubted, and other people will agree with the research findings and interpretations. In that case, the extent to which the research findings will be transferred to a different setting will depend on communicating the trustworthiness of the data. The research ought to integrate some principles of ethical considerations that enhance the robustness of the research being conducted.
Reference
Ferguson, R. (2015, April 21). Nursing Roles and Strategies in End of Life Decision Making Concerning Elderly Immigrates Admitted to Acute Care Hospitals. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1043659615582088?journalCode=tcna
Hayes, A. (2019). Simple Random Sample. Investopedia. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/simple-random-sample.asp
Tuovila, A. (2019). What is Sampling? Investopedia. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sampling.asp
