Question 1
Aristotle outlines that justice is an action that is fair and lawful, and with fairness comprising of equal distributions as well as the correction of what is inequitable. Moreover, Aristotle explains that there are various types of justice, such as distributive and rectification justice. For distributive justice, Aristotle denotes as one that requires proportional equality whereby each member of a society has a share in the distribution of resources in conformity to a person's merit. Therefore, distributive justice emphasis the socially just allocation of resources within a society. In addition, Aristotle outlines that distributive justice is focused on the distribution of resources, which can be divided among members of a society in both unequal and equal amounts. However, He denotes that rectificatory justice focuses on rectifying transactions where an individual had been treated in an unjust manner by another person.
Therefore, rectificatory justice is concerned with the wrong actions and injustices that happened in the past. Aristotle claims that rectifactory justice is an essential part of the justice system since it helps to compensate individuals who suffer instances of injustice. He, therefore, notes that rectifactory justice is not a whole on itself and is applied in reaction to an unjust action to an individual. Moreover, distributive justice requires proportional equality where all members of the society are treated in an equal manner, especially in the fair distribution of resources, while rectifactory justice provides for the correction of wrongs done by an individual and therefore infringing on the right of the other.
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Question 2
John Rawl's difference principle outlines that it is right to diverge from strict equality in instances where the inequalities in a particular situation are likely to make the less advantaged people in a society materially be better off than they would be under strict equality. Moreover, Rawl's difference principle denotes that people are only expected to practice inequality only in instances where such unequal actions would benefit less privileged members of society. Moreover, Rawl outlined that in some instances, inequality can be just, especially at times where the unequal acts would benefit the least well off members within the society. In addition, the difference principle outline that alternative equality can be achieved by eliminating distributive justice within a community.
Utilitarianism is a principle and doctrine which denotes that actions are right if only taken to benefit the majority of people within a society. In addition, the utilitarianism doctrine outline that actions are only described to be good and just if they enhance happiness among members of society. Furthermore, the utilitarianism principle advocates for actions that help in fostering pleasure and happiness while at the same time opposing actions that may cause harm and happiness to an individual.
Therefore, Rawls' difference principle differs from the doctrine of utilitarianism since it advocates for diverging from equality to benefit the least well off members of the society even when such actions cause harm and injury to the rest of the community. However, the concept of utilitarianism advocates the need to ensure all actions taken do not infringe on the rights of others and causes happiness to everyone.
Question 3
Rawls' theory of justice describes the composition of a society as one with free individuals having equal basic rights as well as cooperation within an egalitarian economic system. Moreover, the theory describes two principles of justice, which include basic liberties and fair equality of opportunities. In addition, Rawls' theory advocates for the guarantee to the right of each individual in order for them to have the most extensive basic rights and liberty as long as they are compatible with that of other people.
Nozick's main objection to Rawl's theory of justice is the rational and arguments about the difference principle. Nozick critiques the difference principle by claiming that it is not correct to outline that simply because every member of a community benefits from social cooperation, people who are less advantaged are therefore automatically entitled to parts of the earnings made by the successful members within the society. In addition, Nozick's theory of justice claims that the distribution of resources within a society can only be perceived to be equal, and just if all members are entitled to what they have and own.
Question 4
Retributive punishment outline that when an individual breaks the law, they should be subjected to justice where they are made to suffer in return for their actions. Moreover, the theory of retributive punishment denotes that the punishment given to offenders should be proportional to the offense committed. Therefore, the central defining features of retributive punishment is the assertion that the severity of punishment given to a wrongdoer is proportionate to the crime committed.
Moreover, the incarceration of convicted offenders within the penitentiary system is another defining feature within the doctrine of retributive punishment. For instance, a jail term for a lifetime is part of the retributive punishment given to criminals charged with murder. In addition, the retributive punishment doctrine is defined by the feature of deterrence. The retributive punishment doctrine consists the element of deterrence where individuals prevent committing an offence due to the punishments put in place for a certain crime.
For instance, the punishment of being jailed for a lifetime would help prevent an individual from committing crimes such as murder. Moreover, the principle enhances the administration of justice to individuals whose rights are infringed on. For instance, it is just for a criminal who steals or engages in gun violence to be incarcerated in prison to avoid committing a similar crime to other members of society.
Question 5
Restitution recompenses for injury and loss caused to individuals. It restores something lost or stolen to its proper owner. However, restitution may cause a wrong in the pursuit of righting a wrong in various ways, such as the potential to cause an infringement to the right of another individual. For instance, restitution disgorges something which has been taken and to compensate for injury and loss caused to people. Therefore, it is possible to cause harm to people in the process of restitution in the pursuit of righting a wrong. For instance, it is possible to cause harm to people while trying to correct wrongs such as social injustices committed in the past.
