Abstract
The healthcare space has seen rapid changes and innumerable advancements both in intervention methods, diagnosis and cure in addition to the dissemination of common health services and products to the general public ( Bates & Sheikh, 2015) . The main catalysts for the change that has been observed in the healthcare space in the recent decades has been the advent of technology encompassing a wide array of developments with regard to artificial intelligence, supercomputing and clinical support systems.
Introduction
Healthcare Information Technology (HIT) has been defined as the myriad of technologies that have been adopted by healthcare systems and institutions alike to aid in the storage, dissemination and analysis of health information ( Bates & Sheikh, 2015) . Scholarly findings point to the fact that healthcare information technology significantly improves patient safety in addition to improving the quality of services and care that can be provided to patients ( Chen & Cates, 2018) . Research indicates that the integration of technology in the dissemination of healthcare services has critically improved the efficiency of service delivery, for instance, reducing the number of prescribing errors by approximately 90% ( Chen & Cates, 2018) . It is therefore evident as will be delineated by the research findings highlighted in this paper that healthcare information technology is critical to advancement in the industry.
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Additionally, hospital leadership play a critical role in the implementation of evidence based clinical practices as they pertain to technology ( Wager et al., 2017) . For there to be real application of technological advancement in the healthcare sector, it is critical to define the role of the leaders in ensuring that technological advancements are implemented at healthcare facilities and institutions ( Wager et al., 2017) . Moreover, the role of leadership extends to ensuring that the staff have acquired the necessary skills and knowledge as it pertains to the application of advancements ( Wager et al., 2017) . Additionally, the paper shall expound on the role of leaders as it pertains to decision making on the technological advancements to be adopted and those that should be ignored.
The role of HIT with regard to artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence has played an imperative role in the technological advancements that have been observed in the healthcare system in the recent past with research findings indicating that most healthcare facilities have adopted artificial intelligence in service delivery ( Jha & Topol, 2016) . Scholars have indicated that both machine learning and artificial intelligence have been imperative in the provision of tools that have proved critical in the handing of data and information given the increase in the avenues that demand for patient information e.g. history ( Jha & Topol, 2016) . Moreover, artificial intelligence plays a critical role in the analysis of this data hence aiding practitioners in drawing conclusions on diagnosis and treatment in a swift and efficient manner thereby significantly increasing the quality of care that is provided to patients ( Jha & Topol, 2016) . Additionally, healthcare artificial intelligence also plays a critical role in the dissemination of the information that is acquired among the various departments given the integrated nature of healthcare service delivery.
Health intelligence technology is likely to be observed in robot assisted surgery therefore eliminating the chances of human error by significant margins in addition to reducing the costs of surgery for the patients ( Mesko, 2017) . Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI) is bound to play a critical role in virtual nursing assistance and administrative workflow assistance which will induce efficiency in the service delivery within healthcare facilities and institutions ( Mesko, 2017) . Moreover, research findings reflect the dose error reduction impact that artificial intelligence is bound to make to the healthcare industry given the costly nature of dosage error both in terms of financial implications for patients and for the healthcare facilities ( Mesko, 2017) . Additionally, healthcare information technology with regard to artificial intelligence encompasses the increased cyber security together with the improvement in diagnostic procedures and methods significantly reducing the costs associated with diagnosis and treatment.
The role of HIT with regard to supercomputing
Supercomputing is a fundamental concept that is critical in supporting the wide array of technological advancements in the healthcare system including artificial intelligence together with healthcare analytics. The integration of supercomputing in the dissemination of healthcare services has played a critical role in providing a nurturing environment for the improvements to technologies that are dedicated to the delivery of healthcare services ( Singh et al., 2017) . Research findings indicate that given the large number of patients that are handled by public health institutions and facilities, supercomputers have significantly aided in the management of large volumes of data in addition to aiding in application of AI in analysis of the data. Additionally, supercomputers have played a critical role in the transmission and dissemination of large volumes of data and information among various institutions and facilities given the collaborative nature of public health ( Singh et al., 2017) . Through supercomputing, patient data can be accessed from central databases therefore inducing efficiency and swift delivery of healthcare services to the patients.
Supercomputers have aided in the handling of geographical information systems and electronic medical records which is critical in the performance of public health surveillance ( Coccoli & Maresca, 2018) . Public health surveillance is important for ensuring that the spread of infections, diseases in addition to pandemics is easily manageable and easily detectable through swift analysis of innumerable data that is made available on public health databases. Moreover, research findings have indicated a close interrelation between the use of supercomputers in healthcare and bioengineering which has been imperative in the resolution of biological and medical problems ( Coccoli & Maresca, 2018) . Bioengineering through supercomputing has played a significant role in the analysis and diagnosis of various conditions in addition to being applied in the treatment of medical conditions ( Coccoli & Maresca, 2018) . For instance, scholarly findings indicate that supercomputing has also played a significant role in the management of public health disasters and the management of largescale disasters by promoting public health informatics and adept communication systems.
The role of HIT with regard to clinical support systems
Clinical decision support systems have been identified as critical aspects of the improvement to the dissemination of healthcare services by the relevant institutions and facilities. Improvement in the healthcare information technology systems with regard to clinical support systems have greatly influenced the diagnostic accuracy in addition to achieving accuracy in the prescription and treatment methods that are applied in medical situations ( Castaneda et al., 2015) . The advancements encompass the comprehension and application of electronic medical records initiatives in a bid to integrate personalized treatment and precision pharmaceuticals. This is expected to play a critical role in improving the quality of care and treatment that is provided to medical patients.
Clinical decision support systems are designed to partly rely upon artificial intelligence to provide knowledge and information that is person specific and population specific at the ideal moments to ensure that practitioners are swift and efficient in their dissemination of services ( Castaneda et al., 2015) . Research findings indicate that while the basic integration of electronic medical records and provider order entry have proven effective, it is the integration of clinical decision support system that most efficiently utilizes this data to provide a more patient centered approach. Moreover, clinical decision support systems include technology dedicated to providing timely information regarding to preventative measure to be taken which aids in the alleviation of unnecessary and avoidable treatment and care costs in future ( Castaneda et al., 2015) . Additionally, clinical decision support systems have played a critical role in the provision of alerts about potentially dangerous situations which aids in the prevention of fatality in addition to the prompting of provision of more critical care to patients who are in high risk situations ( Castaneda et al., 2015) . Clinical support systems can be integrated into a wide array of technological devices that are used in the healthcare setting including handheld devices, electronic medical record networks, personal computers which is bound to manage the alerts that are sent to practitioners.
How are these likely to change healthcare?
The technological changes that have occurred in the realm of healthcare are most likely to impact the quality and efficiency of the dissemination of services in hospital settings. The improvements to diagnostic procedures and treatment by artificial intelligence are likely to impact the swiftness and speed of recovery ( Mesko, 2017) . Additionally, clinical support systems are similarly likely to improve the efficiency of treatment methods and care that is issued to patients ( Castaneda et al., 2015) . Through clinical support systems, the prevention of ailment due to early detection in addition to the enhanced warning systems enhance the ability of institutions to treat different conditions. Additionally, the changes are patient centered and therefore committed to ensuring that healthcare is convenient and affordable by patients through the automation of various services for instance through virtual nursing ( Castaneda et al., 2015) .
Furthermore, supercomputing has revealed the potential to successfully manage large amounts of data and information which is vital for ensuring that patients get the best treatment with regard to the history of their health ( Singh et al., 2017) . Additionally, the technological changes are bound to effect efficiency in the conduct of medical surveys which is critical to ensuring that populations can be monitored and diseases prevention and control simplified for the concerned medical personnel ( Singh et al., 2017) . The research findings have additionally pointed to the effect the changes will have to the efficiency of communication in the medical sector through supercomputing. This is bound to enhance service delivery in emergency situations in addition to playing a critical role in curbing the mortality rates as a result of the swiftness of response to emergency medical situations ( Singh et al., 2017) . In addition to this, the efficiency of communication is vital to ensuring that teamwork is effected among medical personnel, an aspect of medical and healthcare service that is critical in ensuring that the quality of service that is provided to patients is the best therefore further facilitating speedy recovery.
What role does healthcare leadership play?
The successful implementation of technological advancements in healthcare has often been hampered by seemingly unsurmountable challenges pertaining to a myriad of issues ranging from inadequate resources to lack of zeal for the implementation of technological changes. Additionally, given the nature of technology, various systems that have been put in place have often failed to provide the efficiency to delivery of service that was intended, at times inducing more inefficiencies in the delivery of healthcare services ( Heath et al., 2017) . To this extent therefore, the hospital leadership plays a critical role in ensuring that the advancements in technology are implemented to offer lasting solutions to inefficiencies ( Heath et al., 2017) . To ensure that this is done, it is essential for the leadership of hospital to ensure that adequate information is regularly sourced and disseminated with regard to technological advancements and their implementation in healthcare.
The role of the hospital leadership additionally entails ensuring that the employees of the hospital have the necessary skills and knowhow as it pertains to technological advancements in diagnosis, treatment, care in addition to clinical support systems ( Heath et al., 2017) . Research has indicated that leaders will play a major role in the running of institutions especially given the reduction and replacement of human labor with artificial intelligence ( Heath et al., 2017) . Additionally, the leadership of the health institutions are tasked with ensuring that personnel are accorded with the relevant training through seminars and workshop to ensure that the skills of employees remain relevant ( Kirby, 2015) . Scholarly findings additionally indicate the role of healthcare leaders in promoting better communication channels and mediums to enhance efficiency through cooperation and teamwork between the various departments.
Leaders are therefore expected to stay abreast with technological advancement that enhance better communication and teamwork among healthcare personnel ( Kirby, 2015) . Additionally, research indicates that the leaders of healthcare institutions play a significant role in aiding in the maintenance of a positive attitude towards technological advancements in addition to ensuring that personnel and patients are open to new ideas ( Kirby, 2015) . This plays a critical role in ensuring that facilities and institutions are able to shift between phases of different technologies in addition to aiding in the elimination of the technologies that do not contribute to improving the quality of service that is provided by healthcare facilities.
Providing a conducive environment for the adoption of HIT is a critical role that the leadership of the hospital must play if the standard and quality of care should improve. Additionally, it is the role of leaders to ensure that the safety of the patients is of utmost priority to the healthcare facilities ( Kirby, 2015) . Given the fact that HIT significantly enhances the safety of patients, it is safe to conclude that nurturing HIT advancement in healthcare is of the best interest of the hospital leadership.
Conclusion
HIT improves the safety of the patients in addition to improving the quality of care and treatment and has been delineated by the numerous research findings. Artificial intelligence promises to significantly bridge the gap between human logic and reason and technology, therefore greatly inducing efficiency given the fact that technology is more accurate than humans ( Heath et al., 2017) . Moreover, clinical support systems critically aid in the swift and timely provision of medical care both in emergency response and in preventative medicine by integrating various aspects of artificial intelligence with the technological advancements pertaining to analysis of patient data ( Castaneda et al., 2015) .
Supercomputers on the other hand have greatly contributed to the ability of healthcare to grow into a multidisciplinary industry that can manage all functions given the dynamics of large data management that are introduced by supercomputing (Singh et al., 2017). To ensure that these changes are implemented and effected in healthcare institutions and facilities, the hospital leadership plays a critical role in the promotion of positive attitudes towards technological advancement. Additionally, it is upon the leaders to ensure that the hospital personnel and staff are committed to technological progress to see to it that the quality of care and service delivery is improved within the healthcare sector (Kirby, 2015).
References
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