Provide two definitions of intelligence-led policing (ILP). Be sure to include proper citations.
ILP can be defined as the use of hard data to drive tactical and strategic decision making. ILP is a policing model built around the assessment and management of risk. ILP leverages technological advances in both data collection and analytics in order to generate valuable “intelligence to effectively fight and prevent crime (“ Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Dept of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, & United States of America,” 2012) . ILP is considered as an essential counterweight to past “reactive” models of policing. This is because these law enforcement philosophies focus on preventing crimes before they happen.
ILP can also be defined as a business process for “collecting, organizing, analyzing, and utilizing intelligence to guide law enforcement operational and tactical decisions (“U.S. Department of Justice, Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative, & United States of America,” 2009). As a policing model, ILP contributes to public safety by supporting an agency’s existing policing strategy. Some of the existing policing models in which ILP can be integrated with include community-oriented policing, problem-oriented policing, or other policing models.
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Law enforcement intelligence was first used against organized criminal activities. Name three of the four types of organized crimes mentioned in Lecture 1.
Law enforcement intelligence refers to law enforcement’s responsibility to enforce the criminal law (Carter, 2009). It supports investigations, assessment, planning, and crime detection and prevention. It is vital to note that law enforcement intelligence was first used against organized criminal activities. Some of the types of organized crimes that were addressed through law enforcement intelligence include drug trafficking, terrorism, and assassination (Carter, 2009). Drug trafficking is an illicit trade that involves the cultivation, manufacture, supply, and supply of drugs that are prohibited. In the broadest sense, terrorism refers to the use of intentional violence to create a general climate of fear in a population or for political or religious purposes. Lastly, assassination refers to the act of killing an individual, in most cases, a prominent person, for political, religious, and monetary purposes.
List four questions that are part of the analytic process, as described in the “Basic Elements of Intelligence Revisited” (Peterson, 1999).
Questions in the analytical process include:
“ Given additional information, do I perceive a new dimension in the problem?”
“ What is the critical element in the problem?”
“ Can I match any of the information on hand with the other information in storage to broaden my understanding of the whole problem?”
“ Assembling all the pieces, Can I now reconstruct the problem?” (Peterson, 1999).
According to Caprioni, which three sections of the Act "toppled the wall separating intelligence investigators from law enforcement investigators and have allowed vital information sharing of immeasurable value in the war against terrorism"?
According to Caprioni the three section of the Act “ toppled the wall separating intelligence investigators from law enforcement investigators and have allowed vital information sharing of immeasurable value in the war against terrorism" include sections 203(b), 203(d)m and 218 of the USA Patriot Act provisions covered in section of 101. Section 203(b) authorizes law enforcement officers the authority to share electronic, wire, and interception information to various federal officials. Section 203(d) gives law enforcement officers the authority to share foreign intelligence to a number of federal officials, notwithstanding any other legal restriction. Sections 218 helped to bring down the perceived “wall” of separating intelligence agents from law enforcement officers.
28 Code of Federal Regulations 23.20 states that " Reasonable Suspicion or Criminal Predicate is established when information exists which establishes sufficient facts to give a trained law enforcement or criminal investigative agency officer, investigator, or employee a basis to believe that there is a reasonable possibility that an individual or organization is involved in a definable criminal activity or enterprise " (fill in the three blanks)
Reasonable Suspicion or Criminal Predicate
Reasonable possibility
Definable criminal activity or enterprise.
What recommendation of the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP) supports the rights to privacy of U.S. citizens?
When it comes to the privacy of U.S. citizens, the NCISP has outlined some recommendations to support the rights of privacy to U.S. citizens. Among these recommendations include the recommendation for law enforcement officers to adopt the standards required by the “Criminal Intelligence Systems Operating Policies federal regulation (28 CFR Part 23)” to ensure theta the collection, storage, and dissemination of criminal intelligence information conforms to the privacy as well as constitutional rights of not only U.S. citizens but also organizations (“Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative,” 2003). To support the privacy of U.S. citizens, the NCISP also encourages participation in professional criminal intelligence organizations. More to this is that it supports intelligence training for all law enforcement personnel. NCISP also recommends law enforcement officers to use the privacy policy guidelines provided in “Justice Information Privacy Guideline –Developing, Drafting and Assessing Privacy Policy for Justice Information Systems” (“Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative,” 2003).
The collection plan is a systematic procedure for gathering relevant information from all lawful sources that responds to intelligence requirements to produce an intelligence product. (fill in the blanks)
The first rule of dissemination is to abide by a two-pronged test, which includes what?
Intelligence dissemination means the spread of intelligence information. However, it is vital to abide by the two-pronged test before disseminating intelligence information. The two-pronged test are: (I) the first pronged test is the comprehensive and strategic assessment of the information as well as analyzing the effect of any action is taken in disseminated intelligence information; and (II) putting the information in a hypothetical situation, run a simulation, and then assess the result of the action before disseminating the intelligence information (“ Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative,” 2003)
List five potential law enforcement sources of information that may be used to generate intelligence.
“ Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosive.”
“ High-Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas.”
“ El Paso Intelligence Center.”
“ Federation of American Scientists –Intelligence Research Program.”
“ Financial Crimes Enforcement Network.”
According to the authors of "Intelligence-Led Mitigation," what does it involve?
According to Townsend et. Al., (2010), “Intelligence-Led Mitigation” is an approach that involves organizational and philosophy development to proactively guide premeditated, strategic, and functioning decision making for mitigating the outcomes of unintentional, deliberate, and natural accidents.
References
Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, & United States of America. (2012). Reducing Crime through Intelligence-Led Policing.
Caproni, V. (2008). Testimony of Valerie Caproni, General Counsel, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved from https://learn.umuc.edu/d2l/le/content/248863/viewContent/9794014/View
Carter, D. L. (2009). Law enforcement intelligence: A guide for state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies, Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative. (2003). The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan.
Peterson, M. (1999). The basics of intelligence revisited. New Jersey Division of Criminal Justice.
Townsend, K., Sullivan, J. P., Monahan, T., & Donnelly, J. (2010). Intelligence-Led Mitigation. Journal of Homeland Security & Emergency Management , 7 (1), 1.
U.S. Department of Justice, Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative, & United States of America. (2009). Navigating Your Agency's Path to Intelligence-Led Policing.
