Background
The vital purpose of this research is to find out the impacts of maternal tobacco during pregnancy. The possible outcomes evident in an infant or a child include reduced birth weight, infant death, preterm birth, and weak intrauterine growth (Azagba et al., 2020). The 2003 revised U.S Standard Certificate of Live Birth noted some of the critical most recent and improved details on cigarette smoking before and after pregnancy. This information is available for all the states and the District Columbia (D.C.), which is specifically available in the first 2016 natality information file.
The Target Objective for Doing the Research
The objective of the research is to present explain the prevalence of cigarette smoking among women during pregnancy. It targeted a population of women in the United States of America who gave birth in 2016 by the state of residence. The report also inclusively targeted the cigarette smoking women who gave birth in 2016 in the U.S. by educational accomplishment, maternal race and Hispanic origin, and age factor.
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The primary objective of the study is to highlight the dominance of cigarette smoking during pregnancy period from a state perspective. According to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), various data were provided, giving a detailed case for the prevalence of cigarette smoking by states. For example, it reported that in 2016, out of 14 women in the U.S.A., only one (7.2%) was smoking during her pregnancy period ( National Center for Health Statistics US., 2019) . In comparison to all U.S. states, the prevalence of cigarette smoking was identified to be higher in over 30 states, whereas, only 16 had the lowest number of the problem, including District Columbia.
According to National Center for Health Statistics US (2019) , West Virginia recorded the highest overall number of prevalence with over 20%, then followed by Kentucky with 18.4%, Montana with 16%, Vermont 15.5%, and Missouri with the least had only 15.3% cases reported. NCHS also published some of the states with the lowest incidents of cigarette smoking during pregnancy. They had a range of at least 5% and below, which was determined to be significantly lower. The states included Texas, New York, District Columbia, New Jersey, California, Arizona, and Connecticut.
The study had the objective of highlighting cases of cigarette smoking among women based on educational attainment, age, maternal race, and Hispanic origin. For example, according to NCHS, women between the ages of 20 to 24 were reported to dominate cases of cigarette smoking during pregnancy (Drake et al., 2018). This age group had over 10.7% of women, followed by women aged between 15 and 19 and 25 to 29 at a percentage of 8.5 and 8.2% consecutively. The prevalence increased between the women of age 20 and 24 ( National Center for Health Statistics US., 2019) . it was rare amongst women aged 45 and above, which was only at 2.0% and women who are under 15 (2.5%). By race and Hispanic origin, the prevalence of women smoking a cigarette was lower among non-Hispanic Asian women and higher among Hispanic American Indians ( National Center for Health Statistics US., 2019) . By education attainment, it was highest for women with high school or G.E.D. level and lowest among women with Bachelor's and Master's Degree.
Figure 1. Frequency of Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy by Educational Attainment in 2016, USA.
Methodology Design
The report used data from the 2016 natality data file from the National Vital Statistics System. The information which was available in the natality file was extracted from both birth certificates. It had details of all births occurring in the U.S. Some information was found from websites such as https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/vitalstatsonline.htm . Some of the researches were restricted amongst women undergoing maternal education national Center for Health Statistics US., 2019) . It was explicitly between women at the age of 25 and above. They were given enough time to complete their education.
In conclusion, the study has provided an exemplary set of data showing the prevalence of cigarette smoking during pregnancy among women. It has been achieved by analyzing data by state as well as age and education achievement. The rising numbers are apparent in some states, unlike other states, which are not very common. Women with Masters and Bachelor degrees are reported to have lower cases of cigarette smoking as compared to high school women who have higher numbers. Maternal smoking is also common among younger women, unlike older women of 45 years and above.
References
Azagba, S., Manzione, L., Shan, L., & King, J. (2020). Trends in smoking during pregnancy by socioeconomic characteristics in the United States, 2010–2017. B.M.C. Pregnancy and Childbirth , 20 (1), 52.
Drake, P., Driscoll, A. K., & Mathews, T. J. (2018). Cigarette smoking during pregnancy: the United States, 2016.
National Center for Health Statistics (U.S. (2019). Health, United States, 2018.
