Question 1
Physical examination refers to the evaluation of each anatomic findings in a patient. The investigation is done through several components. Some of the features include observation, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. The information obtained from each examination needs to be integrated with the patient medical history and pathophysiology. A crucial part of the physical examination is a general observation, which is relatively self-explanatory. Palpation entails analysis of the body’s sense of touch. On the other hand, percussion involves special specific sections that are questionable using fingertips to assist in the diagnosis. Lastly, auscultation refers to listening and detecting the unfamiliar sounds that the body might be producing.
Question 2
A blood pressure monitor is a clinical medicine device while determining the patient's systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. The systolic blood pressure is a representation of the upper denominator, and the diastolic blood pressure is a representation of the lower denominator. If the blood pressure monitor is not available, it is possible to use the stethoscope or the blood pressure cuff. However, the two will not be as accurate as of the blood pressure monitor. The systolic readings will indicate the pressure exerted on the artery walls while the heart is beating.
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In contrast, the diastolic will mean the pressure exerted between the consecutive heartbeats (American Heart Association, n.d.). The two figures are crucial and essential in any diagnosis because they indicate an individual's pressure tolerance rate. The pressure reading for Mr. Smith was 160/100. The 160 represents the systolic pressure, while the 100 represents the diastolic pressure. The amount is high and indicates that Mr. Smith is suffering from hypertension.
Question 3
A critical test that was carried out on Mr. Smith was a blood test to determine several conditions of his body. The testing was efficient and effective as it yielded outcomes pertinent to the signs and symptoms of his general physiology. Through the extraction of blood, it is possible to conduct numerous tests to show the severity of Mr. Smith's condition. An example is the ACTH test, which represents the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone test. For a standard blood sample taken early in the morning, the normal range for ACTH in humans is between 9 to 52 picograms per millilitre. The ACTH from Mr. Smiths' blood testing is 1082 picograms per millilitre. The level is too high, and that is considered to be abnormal. More so, from blood tests, it is possible to conduct the cortisol test. Usually, the test outcome range in a human being should be between 5 to 23 micrograms per decilitre in the morning and 3 to 16 micrograms per decilitre in the afternoon. From the blood test conducted on Mr. Smith, the cortisol test is 155.5 microgram per decilitre. The amount is hugely higher than usual. Other test that need to be carried out are on the number of platelets and red blood cells in the blood which are very crucial.
Question 4
Low potassium is represented by hypokalaemia. The condition indicates low potassium levels in the bloodstream of the patient. Potassium is a chemical in the body responsible for the nerves' proper functioning and the muscles, specifically the heart muscle cells. In most instances, the potassium level in the blood that is considered normal is between 3.6 and 5.2 mmol/L. Mr. Smith's potassium level is 2.6mmol/L, which is lower than the standard normal. Low potassium level in the blood is life-threatening and requires immediate intervention. The Hb test is for the haemoglobin level, and it is generally between 13.6 and 17.0 g/dl. Mr. Smiths' story is 7.3g/dl, which is also very low, and there is a need for medical intervention. Hct refers to the Haematocrit test and represents the amount of blood by volume consisting of red blood cells. The normal range is between 38.8 and 50%. Mr. Smiths' level is 20.4%, and that is very low. A normal platelet count in the body is between 150,000 and 450 000 in every microliter of blood. The count for Mr. Smith is meager and it is below the minimum of 150,000. The normal blood glucose range is between 100 to 125 mg/dl. Mr. Smiths' level is 460mg. Very high dl and that is a good indication. All the diagnosis needs to be compared to the normal rate so that it is possible to know what condition Smith is suffering from.
Question 5
In Mr. Smith’s case, there was the use of two technologies in the diagnosis. One of the technologies was the MRI scan, and the other technology was the CT scan. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) consists of a tube that uses magnetic fields and several pulses of radio waves to create images of the structure found in the body (WebMD, n.d.). The Computed Tomography (CT) Scan, on the other hand, consists of an imaging procedure that takes advantage of a particular type of x-ray technology to create more detailed scans on the body organs images (National Cancer Institute, n.d.). The MRI will show that Mr. Smith has prostate cancer because of osseous tissues leading in the diagnosis pictures. The CT scan done on the abdomen will show the obstruction that has taken place on the intestines because of the nodular growths that have taken place in the adrenalin glands. The diagnosis has to consist of both the MRI and the CT scan for the health care providers to be sure and certain of the diagnosis. They need to make sure they provide treatment to an existing condition, which can only be confirmed with the two diagnoses.
Question 6
The outcome of the laboratory investigation shows that Mr. Smith has prostate adenocarcinoma. Hypertension and hypokalaemia are refractory. The conditions that Mr. Smith is suffering from is because of the production of ACTH. That implies there is a high production of cortisol that results in the continuous activation of mineralocorticoid receptors. The constant activation is causing hypokalaemia and hypertension in Mr. Smith’s body.
On the other hand, prostate adenocarcinoma is a reference to what is commonly referred to as prostate cancer (The Cancer Genome Atlas, 2013). The condition is a severe medical illness, but for Mr. Smith, the lab, MRI, and CT scan were used to identify the situation when the technology was readily available. However, the condition would have continued to be a mystery with increased severity that causes a lot of pain. With the availability of scientific methods that require new knowledge and technology such as imaging and testing, the current health care providers are more accurate in their assessment. There is an increase in the overall medical review, mostly if the diagnosis is made early enough. An early diagnosis of the condition means early intervention, and there is an increase in the rate and chances of recovery.
References
American Heart Association. Understanding and managing high blood pressure. American Heart Association. Retrieved from
http://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@hcm/documents/downloadable/ucm_461840.pdf Accessed 16 November 2020.
The Cancer Genome Atlas. (2013). Prostate adenocarcinoma. National Institutes of Health . Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/organization/ccg/research/structural-genomics/tcga Accessed 16 November 2020.
National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Computed tomography (CT) scans and cancer. National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health . Retrieved from
http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/ct-scans-fact-sheet#q2 Accessed 16 November 2020.
WebMD Staff. (n.d.). Magnetic resonance imaging. WebMD, LLC . Retrieved from
http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri Accessed 16 November 2020.
