Chapter one reiterates the essence of ethical theories for collective and personal ethical practices. In this regard, it is outlined that ethical perspectives usually play a crucial role in the identification and definition of problems, thus forcing individuals to think systematically and view the resultant issues from different angles. It is for this reason that the chapter has emphasized the role of ethical theories in the provision of instrumental guidelines for making decisions. Besides this, it is articulated that utilitarianism advocates for the doing of the greatest good for a great number. This is because it is based on the premises of our ethical choices with the resultant outcomes. As such, it advocates that the wrongness or righteousness of any given action is usually dependent on the resultant consequences. Therefore, the ultimate goal in all undertakings is to maximize the good outcomes resulting from the made decisions.
Additionally, it has been outlined that the utilitarians usually examine both the short-term and long-term consequences when making the desired ethical determinations. This has been illustrated throughout the chapter through various examples that have been highlighted to pinpoint the exact essence of arguments in the first chapter. For instance, the case of Confucianism has been highlighted to demonstrate the essence of making the right ethical determinations in the entire process of building healthy relationships. This is primarily attributed to the fact that Confucianism emphasizes on essential fundamental truth that economies, organizations and even societies can use to build their relationships Based on the presented arguments, this is a worthy consideration, especially with the growing global economy whereby the aspect of fostering ethical relationships is expected to take the center stage in the formation of all relationships at society, economy and organizations level. This has been highlighted by the fact that presently, there are cases where individuals who have never met can trust each other in the process of conducting business on a global scale.
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Altruism is another notable aspect that has been highlighted in the chapter. On this basis, it has been highlighted that altruism is primarily informed by the principle that individuals should help others irrespective of whether they benefit from such actions or not. Given that helping others can be a rewarding act, it has been outlined in the chapter that a notable case of altruism usually involves making self-sacrifices. This has been illustrated by cases such as when an employee donates a kidney in need of it or when a soldier jumps on a grenade for the purpose of saving his platoon. However, it has also been made clear that there are instances where altruism .should not be perceived as a separate ethical perspective. In this essence, such sentiments expressed by some philosophers are based on the notion that altruistic behaviors are also promoted by other moral theories. For instance, whereas the utilitarians seek for the good of others, Kant has reiterated the need for individuals to treat others with respect. On the other hand, Confucius has highlighted key elements that should be embraced for the maintenance of proper social relationships in the society, economy and even organizations.
Despite such concern, it has also been suggested that altruism should also be considered based on its own advantages and disadvantages. Whereas altruism advocates for self-sacrificial behavior, the categorical imperative and utilitarianism highlighted in the chapter does not advocate it. On the other end, Kant has reiterated the need for people to desist treating others as if they are the ends. On this basis, it is clear that the chapter has outlined several ethical theories and reiterated their relevance in collective relations and decision-making processes.
