Human stem cells are cells that can grow into several different or specific cell types. Human stem cells are described as primitive cells with the potential to reproduce, increase into different varieties of specialized cell types, such as muscle cells, liver cells among other cells with specific roles. There are various types of stem cells classified according to their ability to reproduce and their origin. These cells could be termed as undifferentiated cells since they have not yet undergone a developmental process. The course of maturing into a definite cell type is termed as differentiation. In certain parts of the body, stem cells normally differentiate to regenerate and restore body tissue. For instance, the gastrointestinal tract and the bone marrow are the parts in which stem cells perform to reproduce and repair tissue. However, procedures for guaranteed division and renewal as differentiated tissues are not defined.
Background
The paramount and readily available example of human stem cells is the fertilized egg or zygote. It is a distinct cell that is created by the union of an ovum and the sperm. They separately carry half of the genomic material responsible for the formation of a new being. Immediately that single zygote starts dividing and is referred to as an embryo. A single cell divides to two, two developed to four, and so on, reproducing quickly until it eventually propagates into an entire complex organism consisting of several various kinds of specified cells. The whole being is a vastly complicated organization comprising billions of cells with roles as different as those of the heart, immune system, eyes and the color of the skin.
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Specialized cells that entirely make up the body organs originate from the original zygote, a stem cell with an ability to eventually change into all forms of cells. Zygote cells are referred to as totipotent, signifying that they have the potential to grow into any cell within the body ( Brennand et al., 2011) . The course in which stem cells perform to be differentiated, or specialize is complicated and entails the control of gene representation. Further studies are in progress to understand the molecular regulation and actions essential for human stem cells to develop into specialized cell types ( Brennand et al. 2011) .
Human embryonic stem cells characterize an impressive capacity in the field of medicine since they have the potential to reproduce and repair injured tissues. Specific recent treatments such as the bone marrow transplant already utilize stems with their ability to restore damaged tissues. Other therapies that are under study entail transplanting stem cells into an injured body tissue leading them to develop and regenerate into healthy tissues. Recent investigations over the past few years revealed that an adult stem cell was an entirely functional stem cell. It was formerly thought that hematopoietic, the blood- making stem cell could only form other blood cells but could not develop into another type of blood cell ( Lister et al., 2011) . It is now evident that among these committed adult stem cells, there are some with the potential to shift direction to grow into a stem cell in another body tissue.
Additional researches are done to suggest that various cell types can be derivative of transplanted bone marrow. For instance, there are some representations of bone marrow shifting in rat with dysfunctional livers where the liver partly repairs with cells that generate from transplanted bone marrow. It is believed that the heart cells can be developed from stem cells resulting from tissue, and that brain stem can be grown into different types of cells. On the other hand, the majority of the blood stem cells are available in the bone marrow, while a few exist in the bloodstream. This implies that the cells known as the peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) can be removed from the blood sample (Aasen et al., 2008). The blood stem cell can generate a huge quantity of entirely different cells that constitute the immune system and the blood including, platelets, lymphocytes, granulocytes, and the red blood cells. The platelets are cell pellets that prevent bleeding and aid blood clotting while the red blood cells transport blood around the body. The lymphocytes assist in fighting body infections, and granulocytes help eradicate bacterial diseases. These cells as different as they are, they perform different roles and are derived from a mutual, original hematopoietic stem cell.
Repeated use of stem cell in therapy treatments has been restricted as the hematopoietic stem cells are removed from the peripheral blood, umbilical cord, or the bone marrow blood. Bone marrow transplantation is the most readily understood example of stem cell therapy. It is also a widely used instance of stem cell therapy (Lowry et al., 2008). This therapy helps in cancer treatment as well as other disorders of the bone marrow and the blood. In the case of bone marrow transplantation, the patient’s available bone marrow and leucocytes are damaged through radiation therapy and chemotherapy. It follows that a sample of bone marrow carrying stem cells immunologically, a healthy corresponding donor is vaccinated into the patient. The receiver’s bone marrow is then replaced with the transplanted stem cells and start generating repaired and healthy blood cells.
Recently, much public attention regarding the ethics of the application and non-application of embryonic stem cells and embryonic stem cell outlines has been raised. There are expectations that a high number of therapy developments could happen through maturing and differentiating these embryonic stem cells during experiments. It is also evident that every new stem cell structure has originated from the human embryo formed via in-vitro fertilization or through cloning procedures, with the presence of religious, philosophical, ethical problems based on one’s perception ( Simonson, Domogatskaya, Volchkov, & Rodin, 2015) . Therefore, even though the embryos exhausted being derived from additional types of used for in vitro fertilization, criticizers still insist that these embryos were previously human beings. Additionally, the use of these embryos during research and deploying them to violate morals and ethics.
Embryonic stem cell study has reported complications and failures. Although this research tends to present scientific advancements, this is not true as per different occasions. Several instances where fetal brain cells of patients are injected with Parkinson’s infections and indicators of head twisting and jerking among other complications have been reported. Moreover, as suggested by the studies, individuals who will be applying embryonic stem cell destroyed tissues will be required to take drugs for the rest of their lives to prevent rejection of the muscles ( Meyer et al., 2009) . Just like any other clinical trial study, Embryonic Stem Cell Research has both benefits and setbacks. The most important thing is ensuring these advantages outdo the disadvantages.
There are various types of stem cells classified according to their ability to reproduce and their origin. These cells could be termed as undifferentiated cells since they have not yet undergone a developmental process. The course of shifting into a specialized cell type is termed as differentiation. In certain parts of the body, stem cells regularly differentiate to regenerate and repair body tissue. For instance, the gastrointestinal tract and the bone marrow are the parts in which stem cells perform to reproduce and repair tissue (Aasen et al., 2008). There are some representations of bone marrow shifting in rat with dysfunctional livers where the liver partly repairs with cells that generate from transplanted bone marrow. But, procedures for guaranteed division and renewal as differentiated tissues are not defined.
Conclusion
Stem cell therapy appears to be a dynamic and exciting area of biomedical research. Physicians and scientists are examining the significance of stem cells in cures during treatment of various infections and damages. Many factors are to be put into consideration for a stem cell therapy to be prosperous. The right type of stem cell has to be selected, and then the stem cell has to correspond to the recipient’s so that the recipient's immune system does not damage the cells. Similarly, it is vital to creating a system for successful transfer of the stem cells to the selected body organ. It would be important to develop procedures to deliver and regulate the differentiation of stem cells into desired kinds of tissues for an active stem cell treatment. Studies are presently investigating the employment of stem cells to restore destroyed or infectious tissues in many various disorders. Just like any other clinical trial study, Embryonic Stem Cell Research has both benefits and setbacks. The most important thing is ensuring these advantages outdo the disadvantages.
References
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Lowry, W. E., Richter, L., Yachechko, R., Pyle, A. D., Tchieu, J., Sridharan, R., & Plath, K. (2008). Initiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells from dermal fibroblasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 105 (8), 2883-2888.
Meyer, J. S., Shearer, R. L., Capowski, E. E., Wright, L. S., Wallace, K. A., McMillan, E. L., ... & Gamm, D. M. (2009). Demonstrating early retinal growth with human developing in addition to made pluripotent stem cells. Records of the National Academy of Sciences , 106 (39), 16698-16703.
Simonson, O. E., Domogatskaya, A., Volchkov, P., & Rodin, S. (2015). The security of individual pluripotent stem cells in clinical action. Archives of medication , 47 (5), 370-380.
