Abstract
The world as we know it is changing drastically, with robotics acting as its fuel. There are many positive and negative aspects of its consistent advancements. Human behaviour has been one of the most controversial topics when discussing robotics. They are both intertwined in many ways. Developers trying to mimic human behaviour through robots, robots that react according to human behaviour, and robots that are created to perform jobs done by humans are all phenomena caused by the advancements of robots. In today’s industries, robotics alongside Artificial Intelligence plays a crucial role. The innovations within the fabrication and construction industries integrate advanced-communication systems, flexible manufacturing systems, industrial robotics, computer-assisted design, and manufacturing (CAD) (CAM). This technological evolution features a powerful as well as economical micro-electronic designs that can boost bottom-line for office and industrial output. They have a prevalent appeal and are being dispersed all the way through the globe. Typically applications in robotics consist of transportation, welding, painting, assemblage, lifting, and moving materials, packaging, inspection of goods, and testing. The robotic tasks are accomplished with high speed, precision and are high powered. At present, the robotics in the construction industry is applied in the self-operating technologies for example bulldozers, excavators, as well as cranes. As a result, the impacts of this technology in the automated robotics are so comprehensive compared to the earlier workplace setting.
Keywords: human behaviour, robots, robotics, automation
Evolutionary Changes: Social and Economic
Industrial robotics have automatic controlled reprogrammed, multi-use manipulator programmed in three or more configurations ( Alsamhi, Ma & Ansari, 2018). In a highly-controlled setting, r obots are tasked to perform exceptional repetitive assignments for example factories. Incorporation of robotics in wider scale pre-fabricated manufacturing component, the industry will have av upstream in which the production activities will be done in controlled-off-site settings. Even so, construction space is yet to be a complete controlled setting ( Brougham & Haar, 2018) . Practically the robotics field may be specifically distinct with a complex design of robot application in the manufacturing systems. The evolutionary changes in the robotic automation have become of compulsory nature; it has further become unavoidable due to the ever advancing technology (Willmann et al. 2016). The inevitability of this robotic technology has also seen the transformation in the social configuration of the employees and general economic impact.
Delegate your assignment to our experts and they will do the rest.
Social impact
Robots can do repetitive tasks without necessarily getting bored ( Smith & Anderson, 2014) . They tend to adopt a pattern of consistency so long as it well adapted to do the intended task. Unlike robots, human suffer from monotony which in turn affect their productivity. Similar to human r obots demonstrate varying degrees of independence in their behaviour; as they are programmed to accurately accomplish specific repeated work with no deviation and with an exceedingly higher efficiency degree. The programmed routines specify the direction of these works acceleration, pace, deceleration, and series distance and motion coordination ( Alsamhi, Ma & Ansari, 2018) . Occasionally they imitate exact human actions, and other times they get better at it, with fast, precise, smooth movements than humans. The shifting American history in the labour force needs will keep on changing as we are in a world of dynamic and social structure ( Warren & Dasgupta, 2017) . Looking at the adverse social impact robot are not entirely to be blamed for shifting labour in the work environment. In reality, the robotics have revolutionized the entire workplace to create a new workforce dynamics. According to ( Kasperzyk Kim & Brilakis, 2017) , they indicate changes in technological pace vary significantly across the industries whereby the technology comes in handy to create far more new jobs for affected workers to occupy. In the transformed construction industries and assembly sectors the machinery and robotics work in a collaborative environment ( Yang et al. 2018) . The managers today are more concern of how the employees will keep up with the innovativeness and the impact of these inventions as workers operate alongside it.
The labour-saving inventions are taking over spaces flexible manufacturing systems, as its pace is accelerating towards the technological changes which in that order have affected thousands of workforces in factories and companies ( Ameen & Safawizadeh, 2017). Many technology experts maintain that technological advances that we see today in the workplace, whatever way one may choose to view it, they say it is beneficial to the entire society as these changes have evolutionary nature than revolutionary outlook ( de Soto et al. 2018). The major complaint across the manufacturing and construction industries workers emanates from the repetitive nature of their work, lifting material lowering and moving it from one place in the same manner trajectories ( Croft & Parlange, 2016). Also when we look at a vulnerability in the workplace people are more prone to injuries and illness in an estimate across all American firms this amounts to $250 million yearly, this estimation has excluded cost sustained from fatalities ( Brougham & Haar, 2018) . On the contrary, robots automation of task drastically reduces the potential injuries as well as the downtime costs. Also, robots do not fall sick, they are not dissatisfied or file lawsuits or claims of compensation ( Cantrell, & Mekies, 2018) . Moreover, robotic industrial tool and automated machines are revolutionary products that enhance fitness and health of the workers handling them as well as the manufacturing workforce. The reductions of injuries not only improve the productivity for the employers but also life quality for the entire labour force.
Economic changes
With the growing concerns in construction and manufacturing sectors, workforces, experts and the management have raised concerns about the work in this sector becoming redundant as human efforts are now being dismissed ( Ameen & Safawizadeh, 2017) . A relief may only lie on the owners in this sectors as technological advancement by the use of automation, robotics and Artificial Intelligence is by now enhancing production and decreasing costs on the construction sites ( Whitlock et al., 2018) . To greater extent contractors prefer to invest in technology, robotics, and machinery to address gaps in the construction workers across the country ( Torresen, 2018) . In due course, with continuous reliant on the automation, there will be many displacements and replacement of the blue collar construction employees across America ( Ameen & Safawizadeh, 2017).
According to Brougham & Haar, (2018) by the year 2057 all through America, they estimate that over 2.7 million workforces will be affected in one or way or another as a result of automation in the construction industry. Also, the displacement of workers in this sector would likely to see the reduction of industry income with $127.5 billion in current currency ( Siciliano & Khatib, 2016) . Additionally, there will be a significant rift in construction job as more 498,000 employment and significant losses in economic output of $45.4billion will be experienced in America as a result of declining consumer demand linked to the middle-class occupation that may lead to major overheads on the economy ( Cantrell, & Mekies, 2018) . When the workforce falls the construction labour income is also affected in the same way thus the demand for goods/services in the economy falls with the reduce purchasing power. It is indisputable that the world is revolutionizing at a rapid rate. When the construction industry becomes highly automated, it induces both economic prosperity and hardship ( Brougham & Haar, 2018) . In spite of this, the proactive measure should be taken to make sure that the economy makes the most of what the automation has brought both in the manufacturing and construction sector.
Methodology
A computational approach is applied in robotic devices design with a high-level motion plan ( Perez, Sauceda & Cruz, 2018) . The computational system applies modular components-actuators, mounting brackets, and connectors in the definition of the space robot patent designs ( Ameen & Safawizadeh, 2017) . The creation process of a new robot starts with a synchronizing input trajectory that stipulates how it terminates its effectors or the body motion ( de Soto et al. 2018) . By sorting the combinatorial set of possible configurations of modular mechanism, the computational method produces a functional, uncomplicated robotic tool that is equipped to track the movement of input trajectories ( Croft & Parlange, 2016) . In an extensive way to enhance the effectiveness of this discrete optimization process, there should be innovative heuristic guides the sort through suitable designs.
In short, the heuristic functionality approximation gives the extent to which the intermediary robotic design requires to change beforehand to become equipped to carry out the target motion route ( Alsamhi, Ma & Ansari, 2018) . The effectiveness of the computational design approach facilitates the automatic creation of various robotic manipulators as well as the legged robotics ( Warren & Dasgupta, 2017) . Further, the outcome of the method is generated by the robotic kit which has off the shelf actuators plus three-dimensional connectors. The recent evolution that has occurred in the computational design is the revolutionary digital fabrications which include both 3D and 4D prints ( Brougham & Haar, 2018) . Both three and four-dimensional printing develops newer algorithms and automatic methods to generate and optimize designs allowing for the complexity of large solution spaces ( Cantrell, & Mekies, 2018) . Computational design methods now have developed a new approach for automatic generation, simulation, and optimization of structural and robotic systems.
The future of robotic is brighter as we have already seen the extent in which manufacturing industries have benefitted from automation of its production activities. Other the new form of tasks are created when the robotics is integrated as people will need to have the proficiency of operating this machines. The continuous advancement of technology might be seen as a bad thing by the workforce, on the contrary, the robotics enhance cost-effectiveness and works great on the time management of production activities. In today construction settings workers can at the moment focus on more skilled-centered jobs. However, people feel threatened by robots replacement in the performance of the more routine task. To the views of the managers, with the takeover of automation will not simply boost cost-effectiveness but as well save time for most activities in construction sites.
References
Alsamhi, S. H., Ma, O., & Ansari, M. S. (2018). Artificial Intelligence-Based Techniques for Emerging Robotics Communication: A Survey and Future Perspectives. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.09671 .
Ameen, N., & Safawizadeh, H. (2017). Visualizing Material on Site for Machines and Humans: A Step toward an Autonomous Construction Site.
Brougham, D., & Haar, J. (2018). Smart Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Algorithms (STARA): Employees’ perceptions of our future workplace. Journal of Management & Organization , 24 (2), 239-257.
Cantrell, B., & Mekies, A. (Eds.). (2018). Codify Parametric and Computational Design in Landscape Architecture . Routledge.
Croft, E., & Parlange, M. (2016). Future of Robotics.
De Soto, B. G., Agustí-Juan, I., Hunhevicz, J., Joss, S., Graser, K., Habert, G., & Adey, B. T. (2018). The productivity of digital fabrication in construction: Cost and time analysis of a robotically built wall. Automation in Construction , 92 , 297-311.
Kasperzyk, C., Kim, M. K., & Brilakis, I. (2017). Automated re-prefabrication system for buildings using robotics. Automation in Construction , 83 , 184-195.
Perez, O., Sauceda, S., & Cruz, J. (2018). Manufacturing 4.0: The Use of Emergent Technologies in Manufacturing . Palibrio.
Siciliano, B., & Khatib, O. (Eds.). (2016). Springer handbook of robotics . Springer.
Smith, A., & Anderson, J. (2014). AI, Robotics, and the Future of Jobs. Pew Research Center , 6 .
Torresen, J. (2018). A Review of Future and Ethical Perspectives of Robotics and AI. Frontiers in Robotics and AI , 4 , 75.
Warren, H., & Dasgupta, P. (2017). The future of robotics. Investigative and clinical urology , 58 (5), 297-298.
Whitlock, K., Abanda, F. H., Manjia, M. B., Pettang, C., & Nkeng, G. E. (2018). BIM for Construction Site Logistics Management. Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management , 8 (1), 47.
Willmann, J., Knauss, M., Bonwetsch, T., Apolinarska, A. A., Gramazio, F., & Kohler, M. (2016). Robotic timber construction—Expanding additive fabrication to new dimensions. Automation in construction , 61 , 16-23.
Yang, G. Z., Bellingham, J., Dupont, P. E., Fischer, P., Floridi, L., Full, R., ... & Nelson, B. J. (2018). The grand challenges of Science Robotics. Science Robotics , 3 (14), eaar7650.
