The global transportation system consists of an interconnection of destinations by roads, rails, airline routes, and shipping lanes. The global maritime system is a network of land and sea routes that collaborate to deliver cargo globally. It is the most liberalized sector of global transport. Its main driving force in global trade. Other forces include connectivity, energy, and infrastructure. Over the last few decades, the container revolution, globalization, and intergovernmental policy factors such as the liberalization and deregulation of markets and removal of trade barriers have greatly changed the port and shipping industry. The main functional elements that define the maritime and land interface include foreland, port system, modes, and the hinterland.
The global maritime transportation system is vital to international trade. Systemic and security vulnerabilities in the network can cause major disruptions and significant and far-reaching effects. Disruptions to the global maritime system can have considerable repercussions for consumers, industries, markets, and national economies. Such maritime disruptions include natural disasters, terrorism, political conflicts and market happenings, which might affect cargo transport across the world.
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Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 is aimed to address waterway and port security. The act compels port facilities as well as vessels to establish security plans and carry out vulnerability assessments. Security plans developed include screening procedures for people, baggage and vehicle, availability of surveillance equipment, and security patrols. The act was mainly a response to the 9/11 attacks on U.S. soil. The law has had a significant impact on overall governance of security within the 360 ports within the United States. Relevant bodies have made considerable progress in effecting a number of programs that have enhanced maritime security. Maritime security programs in security preparation, maritime domain attentiveness, data sharing, vessel security, and international supply chain safety have been implemented. Maritime security programs have been developed and strategies implemented and exercised in security plans.
