The controversy that sorrounds biological studies today is primarily centered on nanobacterial infections. In understanding nanobacterial infections, Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary (Venes, 2017) defines a nanobacterium as ‘a controversial entity, formerly thought to be the smallest bacteria with intact gram-negative cell walls. They are now suspected of being inorganic precipitates of calcium carbonate’ According to Yaghobee (2015) the growth rate of nanobacteria on normal conditions is slow but suitably grow well in aerobic conditions. Current data also points out that unlike other bacteria which are easily killed by severe conditions such as heat, nanobacteria are resistant to heat and the replication is faster in such adverse conditions (Jerman, 2018). It is the presence of nanobacteria in the pathological calcifications of the body tissues like biofilm links which indicates an infection in the body. This paper discusses the implications of nanobacterial infections in the body by giving detailed information on how their consequences are in the human body, blood and tissue culture lines
Nanobacteria Infection Implication on Systemic and Oral Diseases
Renal, Kidney and Gallstones Formation
The presence of nanobacteria has been related to attachment in the renal soft tissues. In testing its existence, several tests are taken on demineralized kidney and renal stones using the staining method, electron scanning microscopy and the specific culture methods (Ansari, 2017). The results will show close to 98 percent significance thus indicating positivity and the presence of nanobacteria in the kidney and renal stones. It is worth noting that this nanobacteria infection in the kidney, gall bladder, and testes form a coating that eventually transforms into calcification in the body parts. Arterial plaque is also a form of this calcification. When this continues without detection,the nanobacteria grows faster and hardens thus culminating into kidney stones and gallstones. This hardening is also associated with diseases such as arthritis,atherosclerosis, chronic calculous prostatitis, hemodialysis, and scleroderma.
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The element of age among the elderly has been linked to prostatic stones. This may not be given any credit because there is limited scientific proof to support it. Scientists have gone ahead to carry out tests to prove the presence of prostatic stones in the blood and urine of patients with chronic pelvic pain and prostatitis. The results showed a consistent and similarity factor of the prostatic stones and the nidus formed by the nanobacteria. Decisively, this suggests the implication of nanobacterial infection to the growth of prostatitis especially among the elderly. Besides, high prostate calcification is an indication of present or past infection of the prostate tissue which need to be removed or screened for treatment.
Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Nanobacterial infection is known to be infectious and spreads to the most parts of the body in a short time (Jerman, 2018). Stimulation of apoptotic cells contributes to tumoral growth which cannot be easily controlled. When the body experiences such tumoral growth, it implies that the conditions of the body harness the growth of the infection which is mostly referred to as nanobacterial infection. Although non-microorganisms have been implicated as the causal agents of cancer, nanobacteria have been shown to contribute to malignant calcification. This according to Faden (2016) will form accumulation in the form of calcium phosphate crystals and psammoma bodies which when not controlled will continue accumulating and cause malignant calcification in breast and ovary cancer respectively (Ozkal-Baydin, 2014). This phenomena also shows various studies that implicated nanobacteria infection to HIV infection.
Periodontal Diseases and Remineralization of the Enamel
Cumulative literature evidence shows the association of nanobacterial infections with periodontal diseases (Alenazy, 2017). Gingival pocket formation, dental bone destruction, tissue attachment loss as well as tooth loss are the common periodontal disease. It was discovered that bacterial plaque is significant in this formations and loss. The nature and growth of the dental plaque first of all grows and multiplies to maturity. It then mineralizes to form a dental calculus which the adverse effect was causing the vast periodontal diseases. When a dental calculus is developed, it will attract and harbor more dental plaque which continues to replicate and multiply causing the plaque to build up in the dental formula causing periodontitis. A combination of this facts is used to explain how perhaps nanobacteria may be involved in the formation of plaque calcification on the tooth surface. This was also supported by an X-ray microanalysis that showed a strong connection between dental calculi and nanobacteria in their mineralization process. This is only to mean that nanobacteria infection promotes calcification at the tooth surface, hence considered a risk factor for the periodontal diseases.
The formation of salivary stones in the salivary glands forms a condition known as sialolithiasis. Salivary stones like the kidney and renal stones are commonly caused by increased levels of calcium and other dissolved components. When the number of salivary stones increases on the floor of the mouth, it causes intermittent swelling (Kolahi, 2013)
Pulp stones are also believed to occur because of the presence of calcification in the pulp of the tooth. They occur in different sizes and may obstruct the tooth canal and severe edondotic failure. Furthermore, pulp stones cause frequent palpal pain if it is not screened or treated earlier.
On the positive side, a nanobacterial infection helps in building a strong enamel and prevents teeth fractures. Individuals with cracked teeth may end up having pulpitis in the future. Uncommon to many, it is recommended that the problem of teeth breaking should be promptly treated and not ignored. Occlusal adjustment and filings have been the conventional methods used to handle this problem. Recent research has linked the mineral formation of nanobacteria infection to biological mineralization (Kolahi, 2013). When organic mineralization occurs, they will be a rich concentration of minerals like phosphorus and calcium which are useful in the building the enamel to support healthy teeth.
Blood Coagulation
The self-propagating nature of the nanobacteria indicates the growth of calcifying macromolecular components that are found in the blood and blood components. With all conditions that spur the growth of nanobacteria ( the pH and temperature), the replication of bacteria will occur and cause an infection which if allowed to increase on the blood tissues will cause blood coagulation. It is also considered as the host’s immune and inflammatory response which makes blood coagulation easy to occur. The nanobacterial infection has been implicated in activating factors that cause blood coagulation such as proteases. When blood clots arise and continually grow and propagate in the blood vessels it, it poses a risk and adverse blockage of the blood vessels. This condition causes hemostasis.
Heart Diseases
Nanobacterial infection causes heart diseases. Primarily, no other explanation can be given to common heart diseases. Various studies show the presence of nanobacteria in the form of calcium carbonate in the human blood. Calcium carbonate precipitate in uniform sizes causing buildup up of calcium. Researchers have observed this to be a form of an accumulating plaque which is referred to as atherosclerosis. When calcium continues to build up in the blood vessels, an equivalent of the accumulation will occur in the form of plaque in the arteries. The arteries will then become stiff and narrow thus straining the flow of blood. It is also worth noting that once the functioning of the arteries is lessened in this sense, the heart will be equally affected in its blood pumping function. The pressure of blood will reduce since the blood will not flow in the arteries which in the long run causes death or heart failure. Calcium mineral phosphates pose a dangerous risk to human blood. When they are released to the blood, they activate a thrombotic cascade.
Inflammation Reaction
Nanobacterial infections are the origins of endotoxins. When replicated and matured in the body they will occasionally release endotoxins (Ansari, 2017). The effect that endotoxins have on the body is severe as they cause the chronic inflammatory reaction in atherosclerotic plaque. Although indications are showing that inflammation may have a protective function, it is worse when stimulated by endotoxins. In most cases, an inflammatory reaction causes damage to the host tissue and the development of other diseases which may be difficult to detect. This reaction can become chronic and may last for many years. An example of illnesses caused by inflammation may be Rheumatoid arthritis which involves inflamed joints in the body which may not function forever. Chronic diseases are profoundly considered to induce persistent inflammation of body tissues
The presence and growth of nanobacteria infection in the human body make up a complex research unit because it is regarded as a new field that has not been adequately explored. This naming has relative meaning to agents that may cause diseases. The implication that have been covered have shown evidence that nanobacteria exist in the human body and its replication is unstoppable if not screened early. The presence of nanobacterial infection is also associated with the devastating diseases that are costing the human race. This calls for future research that will identify the nature of the infections and the impact on health.
References
Alenazy, M. S. (2017). Clinical implications of calcifying nanoparticles in dental diseases : a critical review. International journal of nanomedicine, 9 , 27-31. doi:10.2147/IJN.S51538
Ansari, H. S. (2017). Different Approaches to Detect “Nanobacteria” in Patients with Kidney Stones: an Infectious Cause or a Subset of Life? Urology journal, 14 (5), 5001-5007. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22037/uj.v14i5.4051
Faden, A. A. (2016). he potential role of microbes in oncogenesis with particular emphasis on oral cancer. Saudi medical journal,, 37 (6), 607-612. doi:10.15537/smj.2016.6.14048
Jerman, I. (2018). Emergence of Organisms from Ordered Mesoscopic States of Water (Liquids)—Physical Instead of Chemical Origin of Life. Biological, Physical and Technical Basics of Cell Engineering, 1 (1), 321-338. Retrieved 2018
Kolahi .J., S. .. (2013). Nanobacteria and Dental Practice. Washington: Lulu.com.
OZKAL-BAYDIN, P. G. (2014). A Preliminary Investigation on the Presence of Calcifying Nanoparticles in the Breast Tumor. International Journal of Hematology and Oncology,, 27 (4), 017-022.
Venes, D. (2017). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis. Retrieved January 25th, 2017
Yaghobee S., B. S. (2015). What are the nanobacteria? Journal of Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 29 (5), 826-833. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2015.1052761
