1. Explain the cause for her low calcium and sodium levels.
The low sodium and calcium level in Sarah is caused by the failure of liver, kidneys, and pancreas due to insufficient vitamin D. This condition can result in spasms and muscle twitching in arms and face. The anemic condition in Sarah is caused by lack of sufficient red blood cell count in her body. These sodium, glucose, calcium and uric acid are the waste an individual’s body releases after breaking down certain foods, substances within the body tissue and purines. Normally, these substances such as sodium, glucose, calcium and uric acid dissolve in a person’s body blood then pass through the liver, kidneys, and pancreas and get out during peeing.
2. Explain the cause of her anemia. What laboratory test should indicate she is
suffering from anemia?
A laboratory blood test that is needed to indicate that Sarah is suffering from anemia is known as complete blood count (CBC) ( Inzucchi et al . 2015). This blood test will help a doctor to know if Sarah has lower than normal hemoglobin and red blood cell counts.
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3. Explain the cause of her hypotension. How will her body attempt to establish
homeostasis?
Moreover, low blood pressure (hypotension) observed in the case of Sarah is caused by dehydration due to triggers of liver cirrhosis, diabetes, and gout. In order for Sarah’s body to establish homeostasis, Sarah needs to incorporate more sodium in her diet, drink more water or seek for medication in case the situation persists.
4. What type of acid-base disorder has she developed, and how will her body
compensate?
Sarah suffers from respiratory acid-base disorders due to change in HCO3 – and her body can compensate for this taking in more acid or alkali or seeking for medication. Liver cirrhosis, diabetes, and gout usually happen to an individual when sodium, glucose, calcium and uric acid build up in the blood leading to a condition called hyperuricemia (Inzucchi et al. 2015).
5. Explain the cause of her elevated ADH and glucose levels
The likely main cause of elevated ADH and glucose levels in Sarah is diabetes. Moreover, this condition can also be caused by low concentration of particles in blood or high blood serum osmolality and insufficient water intake ( Liu et al . 2015).
6. What is the correlation between her illnesses and the low vitamins (D, K, E, and A), renin, and aldosterone levels?
Deficiencies of renin, aldosterone and vitamins D, K, E, and A levels are common in patients with liver, kidneys and pancreas diseases such as Liver cirrhosis, diabetes, and gout. In fact, both the cholestatic and non-cholestatic diseases of the liver, kidneys, and pancreas cause deficiency of vitamin D and rennin.
7. Which hormone would the body elevate in response to her low calcium levels?
Why?
Sarah’s low calcium levels can be elevated by parathyroid hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands situated at the neck. They would be most appropriate in regulating her calcium levels in the blood thus elevating it the levels needed for the normal function of the body.
8. Explain the physiological reason behind her physical findings (yellowish hint of the skin, sclera, multiple bruises, weakness, and edema).
The low levels of calcium in the body lead to the physical abnormalities like yellowish skin, sclera, multiple bruises, weakness, and edema in Sarah ( Liu et al ., 2015). Moreover, the deficiency in vitamin K, D and E cause bruises, muscle weakness and edema respectively in Sarah.
9. Explain the cause of her abnormal stool and urine sample.
Sarah’s stool is observed normally colored gray because it contains less bile, a function of the liver which the liver can sometimes fail to produce due to malfunction as observed in the case of Sarah. On the other hand, white urine can be observed like in the case of Sarah due to infection of the urinary tract and this disease is often eminent among people with liver cirrhosis, diabetes, and gout ( Neogi & Mikuls, 2017) .
10. What cell does Glisten work on? Explain how this medication is able to stimulate insulin secretion.
Finally, the Glisten works on the pancreatic cells to cause ATP sensitive potassium channels to close and stimulates betta cells to release insulin thus helping in the regulation of blood sugar. The liver, kidneys, and pancreas play a vital role in the normal functioning of the human body and fail of any of these organs will slow down body functions like regulation of blood sugar leading to disorders like liver cirrhosis, diabetes and gout.
References
Inzucchi, S. E., Bergenstal, R. M., Buse, J. B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., ... & Matthews, D. R. (2015). Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes care , 38 (1), 140-149.
Liu, P., Chen, Y., Wang, B., Zhang, F., Wang, D., & Wang, Y. (2015). Allopurinol treatment improves renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes and asymptomatic hyperuricemia: 3 ‐ year randomized parallel ‐ controlled study. Clinical endocrinology , 83 (4), 475-482.
Neogi, T., & Mikuls, T. R. (2017). To treat or not to treat (to target) in gout. Annals of internal medicine , 166 (1), 71-72.
