The Myths and Science of Astronomy

Introduction 

Initially, it was believed that the earth was the center of the universe. Also, there was a notion that it was flat and round. However, discoveries found out that the planet is just a tiny part of the Milky Way galaxy. There is a theory which aims at predicting and explaining the data coming from the deep space. The implications of this theory are profound and affect all the scientific disciplines. This will become a synthesis linking the modern astronomy with physics and ancient mythology. This is electricity which helps in understanding the ancient astronomy and today’s physical world. 

Myth and Science 

David Talbott, a mythologist, states that the tales were aroused by the extra-ordinary natural events; such as those seen in the skies which were hard to explain. Wallace Thornbill, a physicist, describes how he had attended a conference in the US in 1994. The conference was dealing with the topic that there was a possibility the ancient sky was different from the one seen today. 

Don Scott, who is a professor of engineering, acknowledged the slides of different mythologies that resembled the filaments of lights. An example was the white crown of Egypt that was used thousands of years ago. According to Talbot, all the mythologies around the world had some similarities in describing the same formations in the sky. According to David Talbott, the role of plasma in the universe, as discovered in the second half of the 20th century, changed the picture of the universe altogether. 

Cosmology 

According to Mel Acheson, an independent researcher, the new instrumentation has expanded in the ability to perceive facts instead of using theoretical aspects. Some of these sensors used out of space include the Crab Nebula, Chandra X-ray telescope, to name but a few. 

The Black Holes 

The energy which is concentrated in the black holes can be explained as the confluence electric from the same galaxy or the universe. And it is this explosive release of energy which forms the vast jets of energy exploding from the galaxies. 

Magnetic Force vs. Gravitational force 

In the magnetic field of the sun, it experiences approximately ten million times the strength of the gravitational force on the sun. This may be evidenced by the fact that the entire mass of the earth is held from being flying into space. 

Electrical phenomenon 

Cosmologists have been using supercomputers to demonstrate that galaxies as an electrical phenomenon. This raises the questions about the stars and the sun in particular. This is due to the discovery of nuclear energy, which originates from the sun. 

Coronal Heating : The surface temperature in the sun is 6000 degrees. However, higher above it there are millions of degrees of about 2,000,000 degrees. This raises the question of how we get this higher temperature high above the sun’s surface. 

Sunspots: The center of the sunspot is dark. This phenomenon is true due to the sun’s electrical nature. The solar fusion model can be used to explain this phenomenon. 

Comet : This is a result of the electrical currency in space becoming concentrated; hence, it glows. When it becomes diffused, it becomes invisible. The electric universe model of comets demonstrates this phenomenon. 

Comet “Jets ”: This phenomenon fits the electrical discharge path of the comet. In other words, there is a distinction between an asteroid and a comet. Under this context, Comet Temple 1 was used to demonstrate this phenomenon. 

Comets and electromagnetic forces 

This model was driven for several people by Immanuel Velikovsky’s challenge that the solar system had electromagnetic forces to be taken into account. Ralph Juergens was among the early pioneers of this model. He proposed the electrical model of the sun in which he implied that all bodies in the solar system must have a cometary appearance. 

Electric forces induce cometary display 

According to Ralph Juergens, bodies moving radially towards/away from the sun would experience cometary array. Earl Milton also made predictions about the impacts of cometary, leaving earth fragments with Jupiter. 

Immanuel Velikovsky pointed out planet Venus in particular as having the attributes of the comet. The dragons represented in China, Northern Europe, and Mexico, among other regions, had these traits. All these attributes can only be explained in the electric experiments in the laboratories. 

Video 2: A Science Odyssey: Mysteries of the Universe 

Introduction 

In January 1910, Halley’s Comet was about to return. During this time, the earth would pass through its ghostly tale. There were catastrophes of every kind. They ranged from wars, plagues, and many untold disasters. Scientists were concerned about this period, and the French astronomer warned about the drastic changes in weather. Before Halley’s arrival, Paris was hit by the worst flooding in decades. A French astronomer, Camille Flammarion, even warned of the gases in the comet tail would lead to the accumulation of the nitrous oxide gas that will lead to widespread madness and death. These were some of the misconceptions that were associated with the Halley’s Comet just like during the 17th century. The use of newly developed tools helped scientists dismiss such claims. The dawn of the 20th century helped the scientists in understanding the mysteries of our universe. 

Mysteries of the universe 

In the past, the night sky is the best phenomenon to observe. No one knew where the stars came from neither why they shone. Besides, nobody knew what exactly was made of the universe. However, with the revolution of physics and astronomy, all these were answered. The nature of the world, space, and time could easily be explained. 

The invention of the telescope became our window of the universe. In the 18th and the 19th centuries, the telescopes revealed more stars which could not be seen by naked eyes. George Ellery Hale is credited for constructing one of the biggest telescopes in Mount Wilson, Southern California in 1908. Hale finished making his 100 inch-telescope on November 7th, 1917. This will reign for years as the 20th century’s largest telescopes. Hale was known for his strictness of not allowing any woman to go nearby the telescope. Henrietta Swan Leavitt was able to examine the stars that varied in brightness and calculated their distances. 

Edmond Hobble would later utilize Henrietta’s idea of calculating distances in his discoveries. Despite graduating as a lawyer, Edmond decided to take the fascination seriously with stars. He arrived at Mount Wilson in 1919 as a smart but arrogant 29-year old. He wanted to unlock the secrets of the nebula. In October 1923, Edmond made a breakthrough when he discovered a nova. He found that the star must be very far away. His discovery about the big size of the universe changed the picture of the cosmos forever. He also gathered and recorded data about the movement of the galaxy and its velocity. The velocity was proportional to the distance they covered. 

Before this discovery, Edward Einstein assumed that the universe is phased and eternal. His original equation for general relativity had predicted a change in cosmos. However, he later changed it by introducing the concept of the cosmological constant to bring the universe to rest in 1931. When he visited Edmond in Mount Wilson, he was able to admit that cosmological constant was the greatest blunder in his career. Einstein studied the assumptions of fundamental physics during his early days, which included ideas of space that seemed difficult. He was also interested in motion, gravity, and time. He was also known for questioning almost everything by the laws of physics. Besides, Einstein was able to come up with formulas that explained relativity and motion. For example, e=mc2. 

Another notable intellectual in the quantum revolution is Niels Bohr. He used to write equations at the goalposts. He traveled to England in 1912 after he received his doctorate. A year later, he made a startling discovery about atoms. Bohr’s finding was that there were little planetary systems within the particles. All the positive charges and virtually all the mass were concentrated in a tiny nucleus around which the electrons revolved like planets around the sun. This discovery led to the divisions with some distancing themselves and supporting the classical view. The others supported Bohr’s classical view. 

In 1926, a 25-year old German physicist, Werner Heisenberg, came up with the mathematical description of atoms. However, this did not help classical physicist as they viewed Werner’s accurate calculations as too complicated. However, within a year, an Austrian named Erwin Schrodinger offered an alternative. He provided a pictorial representation of the atoms as waves. However, his image was considered by many as insufficient. 

Heisenberg called his discovery of the uncertainty principle. Mathematically, it implied that the more you know about the protocol’s position, the less you can know about its speed and direction; and the opposite is exact. However, some refused to accept that quantum mechanics represents the full story of the sub-atomic world. This was the case with Edward Einstein. During the time of Hitler, two scientists were able to split uranium realizing tremendous energy. 

Part 2 

The inventions of telescopes using infrared rays, gamma rays, and radio waves have enhanced the study of the universe. One of these discovery examples is a radio telescope Cambridge in England. It records a more detailed image of the world. As described, this telescope was able to support the concept of the theory that when a massive star runs out of the nuclear field, it will collapse, crushing the atoms within it. The neutron stars can rotate up to 700 times a second. The powerful magnetic fields rip through space; an indication that the universe is unique. 

The process that leads to the creation of the black holes should also be responsible for the nature of the neutron stars. It was in the 1970s that the astronomers stumbled into the evidence of the black hole. Paul Murdin was among those who stumbled on this discovery. 

The Big Bang Theory tries to explain the concept that the universe is expanding. Robert Dickie introduced this concept. He reasoned that if the world had undergone this, then there must be a lot of heat concentration. The whole idea tries to find out whether the universe had a beginning. However, based on the various experiments, there is no proven evidence of this. In the beginning, about 150 billion years ago, the universe exploded and expanded. It takes a billion years for galaxies to form. 

Many physicists believe that in the beginning, the universe was made up of a single particle governed by a separate force. However, with time, the particles evolved so that there was the existence of the protons and neutrons. Nature is made up of many complexities. However, the most important thing among the scientists is the simplicity connecting all the matter. 

String theory is one of the most exciting methods of this century. It was advanced by the scientists in the 1980s who argued that at the heart of everything are small vibrating strings. 

Video 3: Black Holes - An Introduction 

Introduction 

A black hole refers to anybody whose escape velocity is higher than the speed of light. Escape velocity is the velocity one has to travel to get away from a body. Based on the calculations, the escape velocity from the earth is 11 km per second. Therefore, the ground is not a black hole because its escape velocity is less than the speed of light. 

Another example is the use of marble in comparison with the earth. Based on the sample and calculations, the earth would become a black hole in comparison with the size of the marble. For the body to become a black hole, it has to reside into the hole at the center. 

How big a black hole has to be? It can either be any size, ultra massive or super atomic particle. The creation of the black hole entails the stopping of nuclear fusion, hence collapsing due to the effect of the gravitational force. If the star is massive enough, the gravitational force will make it collapse, thus forming a black hole. 

The centripetal force keeps the moon orbit the earth. The earth can also form a black hole over the moon if the gravitational force collapses. The meteor can also create a black hole on the surface of the earth when there is a massive gravitational radius. Also, if a person falls with the feet on the ground, the gravitational attraction on the feet is going to be huge. Hence, tearing the person into pieces. 

The demonstration of space and time is a three-dimensional graph. A straight line graph represents the speed of light at an angle of 45 degrees. One cannot travel at an infinite speed; hence, the particular theory of relativity states that one cannot move at the speed of light. Therefore, motion in space-time must be at an angle of greater than 45 degrees. This gives a curve in a motion time graph, implying that for every second there is acceleration. Hence, there is an increasing velocity, covering more space in the same amount of time. 

Another instance is the rocket. Both Alice and Bob can see each other because they are traveling at an angle of 45 degrees. However, as they go farther in space, they will not be visible to one another since they are no longer within the angle of 45 degrees. 

This applies to the concept of the black hole. The observer will see the rocket traveling slower and slower as they got farther away. The quantity of proper time is used to measure time and distance in special relativity. The Schwarzschild Metric is derived from Einstein’s equations. 

From the calculations on the photon of an approaching body, as the mass of the black hole increases, its temperature increase. Therefore, a small black hole will be hotter than a big hole.