What arguments does Plato make in order to justify female equality in an ideal state ?
According to Plato, an ideal state is one where both men and women are given the chance to perform the same tasks. He made comparisons with guardian dogs which all perform the same tasks irrespective of their gender. He argues that women are capable of doing the same tasks as men if they are given the same training and education. The nature of men and women is different but they may have same capacities to do the same job even though one is weaker. Women should, therefore, be given the chance as men if they exhibit a tendency of being fit to a certain calling or practice. The same education should be given to both sexes because the task as hand will be dealing with the same nature in both. He also argues that all men are not alike but they perform similar duties. This means that women should be given a chance to do all tasks that men do since some of them possess the same nature of doing the same tasks as men.
Describe the setting within the cave, how the individual moves out of the cave, and what he sees once out of the cave. How do you get out of the caves in which you live?
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The underground cave is inhabited by prisoners who have been there since childhood. They can hardly move since their necks and legs have been chained. Behind them there is fire burning which is casting shadows on the cave walls in front of them. The shadows are a result of people moving along the wall behind the prisoners and who are carrying all sorts of items. The shadows are the only real things the prisoners can see and can even name them and associate with various sounds. If set free, an individual moves out of the cave in an hesitant manner and only sees shadows of things and reflections in the water. At night, he will look at the light of the stars and the moon before he finally looks at the sun. One needs to seek the light in order to get out of the cave in which one lives in.
3. What does Epicurus mean by "the good life," and how, according to him, is it achieved?
According to Epicurus, the basic preconditions for the good life are to have a pure perception of the gods and deities as being blessed and imperishable. Secondly, death should not be regarded only as the elimination of sensation and, therefore, should not hold any meaning to us, and this makes life more pleasurable and happy. It makes us not fear death. A happy life should also be defined in the context of recognizing natural desires which are necessary for bringing happy living and relieving us from bodily discomforts and helps to maintain life. This situation enables us to achieve freedom from pain and fear. It is in this regard, that pleasure is viewed as the starting point of a happy life. These are pleasures that free us from mental anguish and bodily pain. “The good life” can only be attained when one employs good judgment and decides to live a noble, sensible and justifiable life.
4. Explain the Epicurean's position in the debate of free will versus predestination. Is this debate relevant to life in the twenty-first century? Why or why not?
The Epicurean position on free will and predestination is that certain events are predestined to happen, others occur by chance, and still others are as a result of free will. There is the belief that what is in our own hands is subject to blame. There is the belief that predestination is a necessity and that chance is not irregular or unpredictable. It is in this respect that good and evil are not considered to be chance events caused by deities but rather circumstances which are provided for by chance. He believes that it is better to have bad luck due to rational action than good luck because of an irrational action. This is his position on free will. The debate is still relevant in the 21 st century because success is measured not by the occurrence of chance but by the ability of individuals top make rational decisions to achieve their goals and objectives (free will).
