The Right Kind of Revolution by Michael Latham

Question 1 

Michael E. Latham's argument focuses more on the United States of America's focus on modernization and development theories as to the antidote towards attaining foreign relations. Latham focuses more on the modernization theory perspective, which America concentrates on as the central force towards foreign policy and social science. For instance, Latham states that America's use of modernization theory led to the global population's influence, resulting in policies' reshaping globally in line with modernization to reshape global economic growth. Additionally, Latham states that pressures of social science, development theories, and the Cold war led to the reformation in food production in U.S. Overall, Latham implies that America's foreign relations reshaping were steered with the modernization theory and development 1 . Modernization theory which originated from America, led to several nations' pursuit for development using America's modernization theory approaches. Overall, Latham's notion of U.S. influence on foreign relations experienced challenges. 

The focus on the modernization theories and development by America led to the New Deal's implementation to fulfill key assumptions that focus on societal improvement by focusing on modernization requirements. America, through The New Deal, focused on the progress of America's economy. Moreover, the Cold War aftermath era focused on modernization theory and development, leading to America's focus on industrialization and unitedness to attain foreign relations. America started exporting its products to foreign markets such as processed food products and machines such as vehicles. Additionally, American citizens became united and surpassed societal challenges such as racial discrimination and slavery, which occurred before America's focus on modernization and development regimes. America's focus on modernization and development theories prevails even after the end of the Cold War. For instance, America formed key issues in the New Deal, which focused on modernization emphasis in its markets reshaping to develop the whole nation. Hence, Latham's focus on the U.S. focus on modernization and development received support from several policymakers who insisted on the essence of focus to universal direction of modernization, except a few nations such as Iraq and Afghanistan. 

Question 2 

According to Fukuzawa Yukichi's argument, "Treaty Revision," the article focuses on civilization's notion and its impacts on foreign nations. Latham focuses on the importance of modernization theory and development and the American regimes that led to improved foreign relations. Many countries under the modernization and civilization's global reforms led several nations to become independent, resulting in locals' empowerment. Yukichi reveals that before civilization, Japan's leadership comprised an outmoded government with little concern about citizens' welfare. The leadership focused on traditional regimes, which oppressed Japan's civilians. From 1818 to 1854, Japan slowly transformed into a civilized nation which replaced the old-fashioned leadership 2 . 

Yukichi further reveals that other Asian countries such as Korea and Japan also adopted the focus on civilization leading to a reduced focus on the traditional Asian practices. Yukichi reveals that Japan's civilization comprises of limited benefits compared to the destructions. One of the detrimental challenges of the global focus on civilization includes abandoning historical practices. Yukichi terms Japan, Korea, and China's civilization's focus as de-Asianization. By Asianization, the author implies the abandonment of original procedures such as customs, traditions, and way of life that existed before civilization how it has experienced extortion. Civilization has led to extreme Whiteman's ruling in the global society, penetrating almost all borders due to civilized governments' formation that focuses on protecting White man's activities. Civilization leads to the continued White man's oppression of other nations. In Latham's article, countries such as Iraq and Afghanistan reveal the true opposite about false promises of modernization and development focus on global relations. Additionally, several U.S. leaders during the New Deal focused on personal gains, resulting in several plans of societal transformations to fail to attain the planned goals. More focus concentrated on developing industries, which increased Americans' oppression due to stringent prices of monopoly products. 

Bibliography 

Fukuzawa, Yukichi. "On De-Asianization."  Meiji Japan through Contemporary Sources  3 (1972): 129-33. 

Latham, Michael E.  The right kind of revolution: Modernization, development, and U.S. foreign policy from the Cold War to the present . Cornell University Press, 2011.