China is one of the economies which have undergone significant changes in economic, social, and technology developments in the last one century. The country has the most beautiful history in the world regarding their process of development to the superpower they are today. The purpose of the paper is to describe the rise of the Qing dynasty and the nature of the relations the dynasty had with the Chinese subjects. The events described in the paper dates back in the 16th Century during which China and neighboring economies were being involved in various conflicts to fight for the territories and command business and cultural respect. The paper will then describe the development of the Chinese economy and some of the factors that contributed to the growth of China to what it had become a largest vibrant economy in the world. Lastly, the paper will describe the rise of neo-Confucianism which is the dominant philosophy. According to the Chinese traditions and accounts, the country experienced tremendous changes during the Qing dynasty and some of the changes have impacted the modern China significantly.
The Rise of the Qing Dynasty
Qing dynasty is believed to be the last royal dynasty in China. Qing dynasty ruled from 1644 until February 1912 when the last emperor, infant Puyi was abdicated 1 . Qing period is described as one of the rapid growth and change in China. Regardless of the various challenges encountered by emperors during the Qing dynasty, they managed to unit china hence achieving significant growth 2 . Some of the challenges encountered during Qing dynasty included the arrival of Christian missionaries, internal conflict between various tribes, the arrival of foreigners, and the wakening of their power which was centralized. By the 19th Century, China was experiencing major threats and was being bullied by Western powers mostly Britain. The threats and bullying are the center of the Chinese Revolution where Qing dynasty was condemned for failing to adopt modernization and changes introduced by the foreigners.
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Qing dynasty was founded by people whose origin was Manchuria a tribe located in the Northern China and sandwiched between the Siberia, Mongolia, and Chinese communities. The Manchuria was different from the other Chinese people because they did not belong to the Han ethnic group but from Jurchen ethnic group which was not popular with the establishment of Qing dynasty. Qing dynasty rise started when the Jurchen leader established an able military and took the advantage of weakening China Ming Emperor. The military started expanding their territory and this resulted in a threat of war between the Jurchen from north and Ming rulers who were residing in Beijing. However, in 1644, the Jurchen crossed the Great Wall and through the help of Ming merchants and collaborators, who were not happy with the Ming financial incompetence, they managed to take over Beijing, resulting the last Ming ruler known as Chongzen emperor hanging himself and in same year November, Manchu prince was declared Shunzi ruler and the first Qing ruler in China 3 .
Nature of Relations between Jurchen and Chinese Subjects
Before the Qing dynasty was established by people from Jurchen tribe, the significant number of Chinese especially merchants were tired with ways Ming rulers used resources to develop their families. They have withdrawn their support from the Ming leaders and they were ready to support any force which promises them a better life. During this period, China was experiencing adverse growth in population and this result in migration of Chinese people in search for better settlements 4 . This resulted in internal conflicts where a large population of Chinese merchants had an option to live in honorable poverty at the mercy of nature or have constant conflicts with other groups of peasants mostly nomads. The last option for the Chinese people was to be integrated into the civilized society which was adopting various elements from the foreigners hence lose their national identity.
During the establishment of Qing dynasty, the Jurchen who were not Chinese but Mongolians did not have a healthy relationship with the Chinese subjects. Even though the huge number of Chinese aided them in conquering the Ming rulers, there were major challenges hence uniting the two groups was becoming a challenging day after day. The interaction of Jurchen and the Chinese is an indication of little acceptance of Chinese institutions which were highly established on Chinese culture and attitude. However, the interaction resulted in the quicker appreciation of the organizational strategies of Chinese hence other tribes started accommodating themselves in the Chinese system hence consolidating their power in Northern China hence bringing all the tribes in the Chinese political order. The Jurchen started adapting to Chinese ways of living and they changed from pastoralists into farmers while others going into fishing and hunting. The benefits made it easy for Jurchen to adapt more quickly and easily to Chinese culture and lifestyle.
The Economy of China
For all competing forecast and studies that have been conducted in the 21st Century, most have come to agree that China will have a significant impact on the international business world. A significant number of the forecast and studies conducted have failed to propose the exact nature of the impact with the impact being intense than it was predicted. However, scholars have indicated that China scent may have a vast impact on the consumer market and bring in a new era of world prosperity. for whatever angle one view the current changes in China from, China impact has been highly impacted by political and economic experiences that they have uncounted since the 15th century 5 . After 1949, the people’s republic of China experienced a period of industrial growth military expansion and national developments. However, the starting point of what is currently the giant economy started in 1978 when the Deng Xiaoping and other leaders developed a policy of openness and through starting an open market economy which had a significant impact on the growth of China economy due to the contribution the reforms had in integrating China with modern business society 6 . today, the changes in economic growth have not only placed China at the top in terms of GDP, economic performance, and growth, but it has enabled workers in China to have access to middle-income status hence creating the largest consumer revolution that has never been experienced before.
Various factors contributed to China becoming the world most vibrant economy. Concurrent with the changes in the economy, various social forces were introduced in China hence impacting the growth of the nation. First, the development of concrete professional interests played a significant role in the workforce of China which is a huge element in the development of Chinese economy 7 . Secondly, stratification of the Chinese social order played a major role in the vibrant economy of China where the people of China are able to accommodate other traditions and cultures from millions of investors settling in the country. Thirdly, embracing technology innovation in every business element made a significant contribution to the current economic status in China. The Chinese government encouraged technological innovations using various methods including funding, rewarding, and others hence making technology a huge strength in the development of their economy.
The Rise of Neo-Confucianism as the Dominant Philosophy
Neo-Confucianism is a common concept applied in the revival of various strands of Confucian philosophy and the culture of politics which occurred in the 9th Century and progressed into social and intellectual creativity in the 11th century. Zhu Xi (1130-1200) is the philosopher who managed to complete the first stage of the revival of the Confucian tradition in China 8 . Zhu Xi (1130-1200) work was later used as the benchmark for all other social theories and intellectual discourses. However, by the 14th century, the Confucian traditions developed into a new curriculum which taught principles for imperial civil services system of examination. In the 16th century, Non- Confucian movement experienced significant growth hence being adapted in other economies including Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. Today, Non- the Confucian concept is a common concept used in economies experiencing political and military upheavals in the entire East Asia region 9 . In the 21st century, the New Confucianism movement is being experienced major spread with various dialogues taking place in the Western societies on whether the concept needs to be the primary form of global philosophy. Neo-Confucianism is being transformed into a completely new era with the people of East Asia carrying people in New Confucianism ways because it is the background of their culture.
Bibliography
Chao, Liu. “National Identity and Political Identity in Textbook of Republic of China——In Center of the Narrative about the History of Qing Dynasty.” Academic Monthly 3 (2014): 018.
Kim, Seonmin. Ginseng and Borderland: Territorial Boundaries and Political Relations Between Qing China and Choson Korea, 1636-1912 . California: University of California Press, 2017.
Kim, Tae Young. “Social Structures and Neo-Confucianism of Chosun Dynasty and Tokugawa Japan.” Journal of Japanese Culture, 67 (2015): 239-266.
Ramsey, John. “The Philosophical Challenge from China, edited by Bruya, Brian: Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2015, pp. xxxi+ 393, US $45 (hardback).” (2016): 820-823.
Su, Biwei, Almas Heshmati, Yong Geng, and Xiaoman Yu. “A review of the circular economy in China: moving from rhetoric to implementation.” Journal of Cleaner Production, 42 (2013): 215-227.
1 Ramsey, John. "The Philosophical Challenge from China, edited by Bruya, Brian: Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2015, pp. xxxi+ 393, US $45 (hardback)." (2016): 820-823.
2 Chao, Liu. "National Identity and Political Identity in Textbook of Republic of China——In Center of the Narrative about the History of Qing Dynasty." Academic Monthly 3 (2014): 018.
3 Ramsey, John. "The Philosophical Challenge from China, edited by Bruya, Brian: Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2015, pp. xxxi+ 393, US $45 (hardback)." (2016): 820-823.
4 Kim, Seonmin. Ginseng and Borderland: Territorial Boundaries and Political Relations Between Qing China and Choson Korea, 1636-1912 . Univ of California Press, 2017
5 Kim, Tae Young. "Social Structures and Neo-Confucianism of Chosun Dynasty and Tokugawa Japan." 67 (2015): 239-266.
6 Ramsey, John. "The Philosophical Challenge from China, edited by Bruya, Brian: Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2015, pp. xxxi+ 393, US $45 (hardback)." (2016): 820-823.
7 Su, Biwei, Almas Heshmati, Yong Geng, and Xiaoman Yu. "A review of the circular economy in China: moving from rhetoric to implementation." Journal of Cleaner Production 42 (2013): 215-227.
8 Kim, Tae Young. "Social Structures and Neo-Confucianism of Chosun Dynasty and Tokugawa Japan." 67 (2015): 239-266.
9 Kim, Tae Young. "Social Structures and Neo-Confucianism of Chosun Dynasty and Tokugawa Japan." 67 (2015): 239-266.
