Section 1
Martin Luther was a German professor of theology and a proponent of the Protestants. He criticized the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope. He opposed the Catholic church’ view that that freedom from sin could be bought with money. At that time, the whole of Europe subscribed to teachings of the Catholic Church with the Pope being the source of divine knowledge. Luther refused to denounce his teachings, an act that led to his excommunication. His followers are known as Lutherans. Therefore, he is known for championing the course for religious freedom that many people enjoy to this time. The council of Trent was convened in northern Italy following the excommunication of Martin Luther and was mainly a response to his ideologies. Martin Luther’s ideas had significantly caused division among believers and were threatening the power of the Pope. During the convention, some reforms were made to the doctrines of the Catholic Church and more issues defined. The English Reformation followed the religious campaigns. Some people advocated for the recognition and establishment of Protestantism in England while some defended the Catholic Church. However, the tide turned in favor of Protestantism.
Indentured servants were a type of workers first employed in Virginia, the USA on the colonial lands. There was the need for cheap labor in the US. Long years of war in Europe had left many people with no jobs while the US at the time looked promising. However, indentured servants were not treated as slaves. They worked for periods ranging from four to seven years for the exchange of benefits such as lodging, freedom duties, among others. Chattel slavery is the kind of slavery that was practiced before the Civil war in the US. Slaves then were treated like property whereby they could be bought and sold. People who owned the slaves could do anything they pleased with them. The Triangular Trade was a type of slave trade practiced between West Africa, the Caribbean, and the American colonies. It took place mainly between the 16th and the 19th centuries through the Atlantic Ocean.
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The Continental Congress acted as the government of the thirteen American colonies before the US gained independence. It operated between 1774 and 1789. The American Revolution is also referred to as the American war of independence. It emerged out of the growing tensions between the thirteen North American colonies and the colonial government. The continental congresses, which were in charge of the thirteen colonies converged several times and felt the British, were repressive. The American Revolution became real in 1775 when skirmishes arose between the British troops and the colonial militiamen. The French revolution started in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s after Napoleon Bonaparte ascended to power. The French revolution was founded on ideals similar to those of the American Revolution. People demanded to have their rights respected and their sovereignty recognized. All the ancient revolutions demonstrated the power and the will of the people. If people were united for a common agenda, they would thrive. Although the uprisings were costly, and most of the time resulted in the spillage of blood, the people always won.
Putting out system, also known as the domestic system was mainly rife in Western Europe in the 17th century. In this system, employers gave work to individuals who worked in their rural homes or sometimes in the workshops, and once they completed the work, they took the products back to the employers for wages. The factory system was a new approach to organizing labor whereby machines started to replace the old way of producing products. The emergence of machines made homes of workers to be separated from their places of work. Competition between various owners of machines made them reduce costs and maximize productivity. It translated to workers being subjected to long hours of working and low wages. Karl max was a philosopher who had a keen observation of how the economy was operating. He postulated that workers became poorer the more they tried to produce more wealth. He further claimed that labor does not only produce commodities but also itself and the worker as a commodity. With the use of machines in the factory system, workers were even subjected to more unfavorable conditions. They were given low wages and worked for longer hours, confirming Karl Max theory.
Section 2
The East India Company was mainly formed by the British for trading purposes. India was rich in spices at the time. India was then under the rule of the Mughal, a Muslim dynasty. The British also exported cotton for sale to the spice growers. India had a large population and a knack for the textile industry. The British saw it as a ready market for the products. However, the British found it viable to colonize India despite meeting resistance from the Mughals. Because the British had superior weapons and a skilled force, they outdid the Mughals, a struggle that led to the collapse of the Mughal rule.
The balance of power politics is like international order whereby nations form pacts to protect any rise of power from any one of them that could threaten each other. The countries that are included in the pact must be equally powerful. The integration began with the First World War with alliances between Britain, France, Russia and the US on the one hand and Germany and Austria-Hungary on the other side. The Second World War had another pact comprising of the US, the Soviet Union, Britain, and China on one side and the fascist countries of Japan, Germany, and Italy on the other hand. After the Second World War, nations of Western Europe sided with the US in the NATO military alliance while the Soviet Union allies in eastern and central Europe preferred to form the Warsaw Pact.
The Haitian and the French revolution compare in many ways. The French revolution preceded the Haitian revolution and was founded on ideals of fighting social and political oppression. The Haitian revolution was ignited by the similar issues. In France, the third estate, which comprised of mainly the peasants and merchants wanted to have a voice in government. They took to the streets and attacked with any weapon they could lay their hands on. On the other hand, the Haitian revolution was a revolt by slaves against their owners. Napoleon did not treat the blacks and the whites equally, an act that led to Haiti finally seeking its independence.
Section 3
Gender-related issues have a long history. Women for a long time have been victims of social injustices. The oppression resulted from gender stereotypes that men especially held towards women. For instance, the US for a long time did not allow women to vote. However, key moments have defined and given more freedom to women in the US as described in the passages below.
One of the key times in the history of the US was in 1903 when the National Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL) to fight for improved wages and better working conditions for women. Despite the women having the same potential as men, they were discriminated based on their gender orientations. They were paid low wages compared to men who worked in the same capacities. The employment system was also biased at the time. Women were given insignificant positions even if they possessed the same qualifications as the men. The formation of the union had positive impacts. Civil disobedience made many employers to revisit their stance and improve the working conditions of the women.
Perhaps the most significant event was the woman suffrage amendment popularly known as the 19th amendment was ratified by the then secretary of state, Bainbridge Colby in 1920. The amendment granted women the rights to vote. For a long time, the women had been denied voting rights. Men were seen as the only sober people to make decisions for the society. In the same year after women were given the rights to vote, they participated in the November election, an event that had changed for the better.
The civil rights movement also contributed to more women advocating for their rights. Even more bold women emerged. For instance, a black woman known as Rosa Parker refused to vacate her seat for a white passenger. She was arrested for her defiance, an action that caused civil unrest for over a year. Though her action served to fight for the oppression of the blacks at large, many women used the opportunity to demand the protection of their rights.
Conclusively, individuals can learn that the US has had its fair share of gender prejudices. It has taken a lot of struggle from brave women to champion the course of women rights. Though women had the same ability as men, their role was undermined mainly because of the male superiority. Most of the proposals by women leaders to the US Congress were rejected because it was mostly filled with men. However, their stance changed with time.
