A respiratory assessment is an external ventilation assessment that comprises observation of the depth, rate and respiration pattern. A precise respiration assessment relies on identifying regular abdominal and thoracic movements (Forbes & Watt, 2015). Typically, during breathing in, the diaphragm contracts, this forces abdominal organs to move forward and downward augmenting the chest cavity vertical space. Besides, the ribs move outward and upward as the sternum go outward to help lungs transverse expansion. During breathing out, the diaphragm rests upward while the sternum and ribs return to their normal position as abdominal organs move back to their initial position.
Breathing patterns includes an individual tidal volume and respiratory rate. A normal breathing pattern consists of 12 breaths per minute and 500 mL per breath, an average respiratory rate for a person at rest (Eupnea) (Tobin et al., 1983). Tina Jones had an altered breathing pattern. She had breathed shortness complaints, and she was experiencing abnormal breath sounds called wheezes (Forbes & Watt, 2015). Besides, she was unable to breathe spontaneously, and she had difficulty breathing. Tina Jones breathing pattern was characterized by a reduction in tidal volume and occasionally amplified respiratory rate, which results in a breathlessness sensation (Tobin et al., 1983).
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Notably, Tina Jones has asthma a chronic inflammatory disease. Asthma affects the airways. Its features are not limited to airway inflammation, reversible obstruction of the airway, and escalated responsiveness of airway to different stimuli (Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, 2005). In the course of exacerbation, early-stage bronchoconstriction and late-stage inflammation of airway occur. Important to note, bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation and bronchospasm must be treated.
SMART goals with two evidence-based nursing interventions
First, Tina jones should be administered with rescue relief medications gradually to relieve symptoms and should be monitored closely (Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, 2005). The residents and Tina Jone's family should be informed that asthma symptoms could be controlled when managed appropriately. Secondly, appropriate self-management assists in maintaining asthma under control. Facilitating self-management behaviours is advisable for individuals affected with asthma (Hoskins et al., 2013). It is evident that a precise, rigorous, patient-centered intervention can help support individuals with asthma to take part in life activities and roles they value.
References
Forbes, H., & Watt, E. (2015). Jarvis's physical examination and health assessment. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Hoskins, G., Abhyankar, P., Taylor, A. D., Duncan, E., Sheikh, A., Pinnock, H., ... & Williams, B. (2013). Goal-setting intervention in patients with active asthma: protocol for a pilot cluster-randomised controlled trial. Trials, 14(1), 289.
Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters (2005). Attaining optimal asthma control: A practice parameter. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 116(5): S3–S11. Available online: http://www.allergyparameters.org/file_depot/0-10000000/30000-40000/30326/folder/73825/2005+Asthma+Control.pdf.
Tobin, M. J., Chadha, T. S., Jenouri, G., Birch, S. J., Gazeroglu, H. B., & Sackner, M. A. (1983). Breathing patterns: 1. Normal subjects. Chest, 84(2), 202-205.
