Introduction
Taxonomy of Hibiscus cannabinus
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Trachebionta
Superdivision: Spermatophyta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Dilleniidae
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Hibiscus L.
Species: Hibiscus cannabinus L.
This plant originated in the East and Central African countries in the south of Sahara, and then it was domesticated 6000 years ago in Sudan. It then spread through the tropics and subtropics to southern Asia, China, Cuba, Thailand and the United States where it’s grown in large scale.it has recorded high performance in the gulf coast of the United States. The seeds, cultivars, are planted at 2.5-inch depth with fertile soils and cool temperatures. The plant matures between 100 to 200 days, and the bast and core are harvested for fiber. It has several varieties being cultivated like; Sekkou Chuziku, Yufeng 1, Kon Kaen 60, Everglades, Tainung and Maruba 8 among others.
Nutrient content of Hibiscus Cannabinus
CRUDE PROTEIN: used for hormone and enzyme production ;
FATS: acts as an alternative source.
CARBOHYDRATES: acts as a source of energy
SODIUM: used in controlling blood pressure
FIBER: essential in digestion
PHOSPHORUS: plant root development
CALCIUM: development of strong teeth and bones
MAGNESIUM: Regulation of blood glucose
IRON: Red blood cells production
(Ayadi, 2016).
Importance of Hibiscus cannabinus
Kenaf has a lot of importance including;
1 .Its leaves serve as vegetable and also as animal forage when dried due to its high nutrition content. Its seeds produce cooking oil.
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2. Its oil is used for lubrication, soap manufacturing, and lanolin paints production in industries.
3. Its fiber is utilized as cordage, rope making, and fishnet manufacture. The fiber is also used in industries to manufacture paper products.
4. It also has medicinal values. It acts as an antioxidant, anti-tumor; cardio-protector and dysentery cure among others.it supplements synthetic oxidants.
5. It can be used as a medium for mushrooms growth.
6. It can also be used as an oil and chemical absorbent to break down spilled oil, and this helps to clean the environment. (Alexopoul, 2013).
Research Papers
In vitro studies on callus induction of Kenaf .The root tips hypocotyl and the cotyledon where taken and genotypes9HC-2, HC-95AN HC-3) where extracted. Murashige and Skoog medium were used for regeneration together with combinations of SAA and BAP as growth regulators. HC-95 phenotype showed the lower value 33, 70% while the hypocotyl showed the highest growth of 60.52% followed by the root tip and cotyledon at 41.27 and 53.49 %. Changes in regenerating genotypes were observed.
The techniques involve the use of direct and indirect organogenesis. Direct organogenesis involves the use of MS medium together BAP and IAA while in indirect organogenesis you use MS medium, together with KN and 2, 4-D. callus was obtained after 8 weeks when the call was added in the MS medium together with BAP plus IAA for shoot induction.
(Sultana, 2016).
Multiple shoot regeneration of Kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus ) from shoot apes culture system . The apex shoot was incubated with a supplement combination of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyactic acid and thidiazoron evaluated.it resulted in a high percentage of regenerating shoots in all 3 Kenaf cultivars. 2, 4-D did not induce multiple shoots formation, but TDZ1-1 did after two weeks. A combination of Kenaf cultivators7N and ST459 produced multiple shoots in an induced medium of TDZ. (Srivatanakul, 2000).
Effects of alkaline pre-impregnation and pulping on Malaysia cultivated Kenaf . Examination of the chemical composition of core, stalk, and blast was done. Growing times were also examined in relation to the pulping stages of attempt. In the areas of active alkali increase, the degree of carbohydrates breakdown was high as displayed by the soda-AQ pulping the experiment involved the use of TAPPI method in cellulose deamination. JSI810 was used to determine the alpha cellulose content. The chromatography analysis was then carried out in triplicate. The Klanso lignin was obtained in the bast at 10 % and there core at 21% (Ang, 2010).
Callus induction from ovules of Kenaf. The HF992 cultivar was taken as an explant material and taken through gynogenesis . Flowers were sterilized, and corresponding ovules were excised from the flower. They went through inoculation and incubated in MS media with PGR and NAA regulators are then kept in different thresholds of darkness. High percentages of callus, 985% was observed after 4 weeks.
When using HF992 as the cultivar explant material, investigation o the gynogenesis ability gains 100 percent success. The growth regulators composed o NAA, BOP, 2Ip, and TDZ PUT IN MS medium and kept in the dark for varied periods before being transferred to light (Ibrahim, 2015).
The cytotoxic activities of Hibiscus cannabinus seed extract oil against human cancer cell line. Seeds were extracted and cancerous cells taken from human colon cancer cell lines. The action is evaluated with 3-(4, 5-demethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and sulforhodamine B assays. Using an inverted light microscope, the cell morphological changes are observed. A lower IC50 is displayed by the Kenaf seed extract as compared to that of Kenaf seed oil in the cancer cell lines. Results showed that both KSE and KSO could be used as the natural anti-cancer agents (Hua, 2014).
Forage yield and quality of Hibiscus cannabinus for consumption as ruminant feed . 40 Kenaf accessions were evaluated. The quantity of forage yield traits was measured at the early flowering stage. The resulting Kenaf accessions displayed a significant variation in most studied characteristics. In the experiment, IX51, Everglade 41 and Cuba2032 gave the high potential of forage. This means that the breeding programme can be implemented to come up with a high feed value for ruminant with Kenaf (Noori, 2016).
Protoplast isolation, culture, and fusion protocols for Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)
Leaves from seedlings were taken and kept in vitro to act as donor tissues. The cell wall was digested optimally through use of cellulose 1% and o.5 of mecrase. The average yield of protoplast was estimated to shoot from 53-87%. Cell division was observed within six days, and maximum frequency was obtained with voltage electrofusion off 2.0 kVcm~1
The technique involved the utilization of 10 cultivators from Kenaf. The leaves were maintained in vitro, and this helped to obtained optimum digestion s with combinations of cellulysin at 1.0%, and macerase at 0.5%.protoplasts harvested from the plants and kept in vivo displayed rapid growth with first cell divisions showing at the fourth day.2, 4-dichlorophenoyacetic acid and kenetic were utilized as regulators.
(Reichert, 1996).
References
, R. (2016). In vitro studies on callus induction of Kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L .) International Journal of Microbiology and Application . Vol.3.pp1-5.
Hua, Y, tan Y.W. (2014). The cytotoxic activity of Kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L .) seed extract oil against human cancer cell lines. Department of food science and nutrition applied sciences.
Srivatanakul, M. (2000). Multiple shoot generation of Kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L .) from a shoot apex culture system. Cell biology and morphogenesis.
Rekaya, A.Hanana, M. (2016). Hibiscus Cannabinus. Journal of Natural Fibers . pg. 1-19.
Ibrahim, M. A. (2015). Callus induction from ovules of Kenaf. ( Hibiscus Cannabinus L. ) The HF992 cultivar was taken as an explant material and taken through gynogenesis. Biotechnology .VOL.14 pg. 72-78.
Noori, Z. (2016).Forage yield and quality of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) for consumption as ruminant feed. Journal of fundamental and applied sciences . Pg. 12-30.
Ang, S. L. (2010). Effects of alkaline pre-impregnation and pulping on Malaysia cultivated Kenaf ( Hibiscus Cannabinus). Bioresource.com5 (3)
Alexopoul, E. (2013).Origin, Description, Importance, and Cultivation Area of Kenaf. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286309355_Origin_Description_Importance_and_Cultivation_Area_of_KenaF
Reichert, N. (1996). Protoplast isolation, culture, and fusion protocols for Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus). Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00048525
Balogun. (2006).Morphological characterization of 51 Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) accessions in Nigeria. http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?cg08003
