The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) initiative gathers official statistics about crime in America, issued by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (Dahl, 2017). The program is a countrywide, supportive statistical determination of approximately eighteen thousand colleges and university, city, federal, tribal, state, and county police agencies voluntarily reporting statistics on delinquencies brought to the agencies’ attention. Crime data are gathered from the Uniform Crime Reporting statistics and printed every year by the FBI in the Crime in America series (Kaplan, 2019). However, the FBI doesn’t gather the statistics itself. Instead, police agencies all over the U.S. deliver the statistics to the FBI, and then the FBI brings together the Reports. The UCR initiative started in the year 1929, and ever since, has turned into a vital source of delinquency data for the media, scholars, policymakers, and law enforcement. The Uniform Crime Reporting Program comprises 4 segments. The first part is the Cargo Theft Reporting Program. The second pate is the Hate Crime Statistics Program. The third part is the Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) Program. The last part is the Traditional Summary Reporting System (SRS) in addition to the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). The Federal Bureau of Investigation prints yearly statistics from the following collections: Hate Crime Statistics, Crime in the U.S., and LEOKA (Dahl, 2017).
Generally, the Uniform Crime Reporting has been split into 2 segments. Part One crimes comprise the index offences, serious felonies which are considered to be severe, to happen regularly, and are more likely to be reported to the law enforcement agency. The violent offense index comprises Robbery, forcible rape, aggravated assault, as well as murder and non-negligent manslaughter (Kaplan, 2019). The property offence index involves Arson, larceny-theft, burglary, and motor vehicle theft. On the other hand, Part Two offenses are non-index crimes and aren’t applied when calculating the rate of crime (Kaplan, 2019). the non-index crimes consist of: fraud, vandalism, simple assault, embezzlement, counterfeiting and forgery, drug rule defilements, vagrancy, getting stolen stuff, liquor rule defilements, unlawful carrying of arms, public drunkenness, sex crimes (for instance, statutory rape), prostitution and associated crimes, runaways, disorderly behavior, curfew violations, as well as all other defilements of local and state rules (excluding traffic defilements) (Dahl, 2017). The criminology and criminal justice study involve a broad variety of research approaches. The specific study method to apply is dependent on the question under exploration. Study questions fall under 4 classifications of explanatory, exploratory, descriptive, and evaluative. The descriptive study tries to describe and define the social phenomena being studied (Thuillier et al., 2015). On the other hand, the exploratory study aims to ascertain the underlying implication behind individual behavior and actions (Christensen et al., 2011). Exploratory attempts to ascertain the cause and effect of a social phenomenon. Evaluation study pursues to identify the impacts of the intervention on specific behavior (Morse, 2016). The 4 study areas aren’t equally exclusive; instead, they are intended to be applied interactively wholly to gain a more profound insight into the question being studied. Quantitative research technique involves assessing criminological or criminal justice reality. Concepts are no concrete tags put on reality which are given arithmetical values, therefore making them variables. Then, these variables are explored to assess patterns of cause and effect, covariation, and relation. There remains at least 1 independent variable (predictor variable) and 1 dependent variable (outcome variable, i.e., what the investigator is trying to forecast) (Christensen et al., 2011). Quantitative research methods include longitudinal study, experimental and quasi-experimental study, survey research, meta-analysis, cross-sectional study, and time-series research. On the other hand, qualitative methods aim to capture life as respondents encounter it, instead of in classifications predetermined by an investigator. Qualitative methods include life histories and case studies, exhaustive interviewing, participant observation, and focus groups. Although the two key research models, qualitative and quantitative research methods, are portrayed as 2 ends of the study scale, it is not meant to suggest that both are mutually exclusive (Morse, 2016). Quite the reverse, the best research approach in criminology and criminal justice is a mixture of qualitative and quantitative study approaches (mixed method). Combining the study methodologies provides a more all-inclusive depiction of the phenomenon under consideration (Christensen et al., 2011). In criminological and criminal justice exploration, both the history and numerical data are essential, the research ought to focus on combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Consistent with freshly released data, Happy Town experienced about a 5% rise in major offenses testified in the year 2015, attributable to an upsurge in thefts. In delinquencies classified as Part One crimes - for instance, criminal sexual assault, burglary, homicide, serious assault and battery, arson and theft - arson and theft were the sole classifications that augmented. At least two hundred and fourteen thefts were reported in the year 2015, relative to a hundred and sixty-seven theft reported the previous year. In the year 2014, 1 arson was testified. Frown Town law enforcement agency reports a seventeen percent decrease in the town's yearly crime rate, which is attributed to community involvement, arrests, and criminal investigations. Consistent with pilot data from the Smooth Town Police Unit, serious crime is at its lowermost within Smooth Town in 5 years. The decrease originates from a drop in property-connected offenses to 260 in 2015, which is lower than 225, the 5-year norm. In the year 2012, there were a hundred and twenty offenses against persons, just marginally beyond the 5-year average. Relative to other towns of its size, Smooth Town has a low rate of crime. Smooth Town is a medium-size town of with a population of about 156,000 persons. Besides a low violent crime rate, Smooth Town had the lowermost property offense rate. In general, the rate of crime was approximately ninety-seven percent below its Georgia counterparts. With the help of law enforcement officers and a collaboration with the public, Cool Town authorities have reached the year 2015 lowest crime rate in 5 years. Consistent with police department data, in the year 2015, the town's total crime rate dropped by 4 %, marking an eighteen percent decrease in the last 2 years. Also, in the year 2015, violent crime, including offences against persons, dropped by slightly over 4%, whereas property offences stayed unchanged. The change was as a result of every person remaining cool. Cool Town is the 4th area to make the best 5 within the state. It tied Old Dog Town for the lowermost violent offense rate. In this study, Cool Town had the 6th lowermost property crime rate.
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References
Christensen, L. B., Johnson, B., Turner, L. A., & Christensen, L. B. (2011). Research methods, design, and analysis. Harlow, Essex, England : Pearson Education Limited
Dahl, P. P. (2017). Uniform Crime Reports. The Encyclopedia of Juvenile Delinquency and Justice , 1-5.
Kaplan, J. (2019). Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Data: County-Level Detailed Arrest and Offense Data.
Morse, J. M. (2016). Mixed method design: Principles and procedures . New York: Routledge.
Thuillier, B., Valentin, D., Marchal, R., & Dacremont, C. (2015). Pivot© profile: A new descriptive method based on free description. Food Quality and Preference , 42 , 66-77.
