Literature Review
Part one: Summary and Analysis
Extensive research procedures and recommendations aim to treat the problem of obesity effectively. Weight gain poses significant health risks such as the development of diabetes, circulation problems varicose veins and fatality. People gain weight through excessive eating, hormones in pregnancy, uncontrolled fluid retention, stressors, constipation and abnormal growths. Obesity results from continuous unintentional weight gain, periodic unintentional weight gain or rapid unintentional weight gain that usually indicates severe medical conditions leading to serious medical conditions. The significance of the research study is to identify the causes, highlight the symptoms and come up with strategies to reduce the number of obesity cases . According to Franz’s research on obese adults with diabetes, lifestyle weight-loss interventions work better than any other methods in the treatment of obesity. The lifestyle intervention relates to Eddy’s findings on the reduction of fat loss through an exercise schedule to control overall weight reduction. Crawford, however, uses the patients’, subjective expectations to lose weight as a strategy to treat obesity while Dutton emphasizes on the physician goals as a stringent measure to channel the gender factor in affecting the success of weight-loss treatment. He emphasizes on the doctor's goals more than the patients intention.
Eddy agrees with Franz’s research on lifestyle interventions such as exercise to reduce fat weight and therefore improve weight-loss treatment effectiveness. He highlights fat loss as a step to achieve overall weight loss. Peter, however, does not focus on the lifestyle treatment and the patient-physician goals but the use of FDA-approved drugs to facilitate weight loss in obese patients and the advantages of this method in comparison to other perceptions.
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Argument Summary
Franz MJ, Boucher JL, Rutten-Ramos S and VanWormer JJ published an article on the life weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese patients who have type-2 diabetes on 29th April 2015. Based on their research findings, they claim that intensive lifestyle intervention objectives have a better effect on patients seeking weight-loss treatments than other forms of treatment. The sample population consisted of obese adults who participated in intense physical activities, nutrition therapies, and social support, regular visits to physicians and got a comprehensive education on the benefits of weight loss (Franz et al., 2015).
The research methods used was randomized clinical trials and the institution of lifestyle interventions over the period of twelve months. The control group was subjected to regular lifestyle and reported non-significant changes in weight scale. The experimental sample showed signs of weight loss that was healthy and consistent with the objectives of the treatment method.
The lifestyle methods of intervention literature differ with the two of the literature on weight loss. This procedure uses the lifestyle interventions as treatment while Eddy uses the physical fat loss to induce treatment and Crawford (2012) and Peter uses the physician and patient psychological set up as treatment (Franz et al., 2015).
Limitation of Franz’s literature, however, are that it only focuses on the type-2 diabetes patients while there are various health risks to diabetes such as dysfunctional circulation and respiratory problems. Eddy’s findings, however, relate the aspect of exercise with Franz’s findings despite the fact that Eddy’s research covers a small aspect of practice as a form intervention to reduce fat loss that relates to weighing gain.
Rochelle Crawford and Lesley Glover published a document on the pre-treatment of weight loss based on the expectation of the patient, the weight gain prediction and the attrition of people who are overweight and obese in September 2012. Based on their research findings, they concluded that there was a complicated relationship between the weight-loss treatment expectations and the outcomes of the procedures. They focus on the literature review of the past that showed the results of various weight loss treatments published from 1990 to 2000 (Crawford & Glover, 2012).
The patients that were exposed to the informational literature on the benefits, goals and outcomes of weight-loss interventions and showed significant improvement than those who did not have prior knowledge of the advantages of these types of treatment. The literature coincides with the view that a focus on the application of physician-patient based efforts on the process improves the rate of therapy. The subject touches on the use of drugs like Peter’s article on the matter. Most patients do not trust the treatment that is drug induced, but they find that the drug use is way easier than lifestyle intervention methods of Franz. They believe the drugs have worse side effects and would prefer surgery methods to treat weight gain (Crawford & Glover, 2011).
The limitations, however, are that the research focuses on the literature that exists between 1990 and 2010 and does not cover the last five years where people need current informational contexts to relate with their modern weight-loss programs.
Garreth R Dutton, Michael G. Perri, Curtis C. Stine, Mary Goble and Nancy Van Vessem published a journal on the comparison of physician weight loss goals for obese male and female patients in April 2010. The research method includes surveys that answered the intentions for weight loss, gender balance and targets to reduce weight. More women had less weight loss goals than their male counterparts. The findings of the study concluded that physicians apply more strict weight loss guidelines on obese female patients that obese male patients because women tend to have more challenges in follow-ups of weight-loss treatments (Garreth et al., 2010).
This piece of literature is similar to the research on the gender perceptions of the patients and the physicians in determining the rate of success for treatment. Crawford, views relate to Dutton on the perceptions of the patient towards treatment as a focal point in the success of any method used to the treatment. The patient's perspective helps practitioner in the weight field to structure methods that are relevant to the patients and focus on individual cases hence can be more effective than Eddy’s view on fat loss alone. The method is as intense as Franz’s method of lifestyle intervention, but it focuses on the physician’s aspect more than the patient’s point of view (Franz et al., 2015).
The literature limits the reader to gender stereotypes and shows cases of discrimination by the application of more severe cases of female obesity.
Stephen Eddy published the article on treating the obese client that focuses ion the idea of fat loss and not weight loss in September 2012. He bases his claim on the findings of the research on low carbohydrate intake that reduces fat gain the body and therefore results in overall weight loss. He recounts the aerobic exercises and resistance exercises to be effective in lowering production of high estrogen production levels associated with cancer in obese patients (Eddy, 2012).
His claims have similarities with Franz’s research on exercises as a mode of fat loss treatment, therefore, propagates the goals of the treatment. It, however, does not cover the issue of the psychological state of the patients, their gender or the pretreatment. His research, however, reduces the perception of weight gain as fat induced while there might be other factors that result in weight gains such as pregnancy, excessive consumption of alcohol and stressors. It does not cover the wide scope of weight-loss research (Eddy, 2012).
Peter Lofter published a newspaper article on the weight-loss drugs that seek acceptance from patients and physicians on 16th March 2015. The drugs induce the full feeling and suppress patient’s appetite. He reviews the FDA approved drugs that might have significant side-effects on patients such as cancer but are still useful to people who do not have a biological history of thyroid cancer. He bases his research finding on reports about the medicine industry (Lofter, 2015).
The literature is not similar to the other forms because it does not show physicians efforts to promote a healthier lifestyle. The research limits itself to the pharmaceutical research goals of the nations and discourages treatment by use of more conventional methods such as exercise, psychological perception and physician goals (Lofter, 2015).
Part 2: Critique
The most relevant literature study is the outcomes of lifestyle interventions based on overweight and weight loss treatment written by Franz, Boucher, Rutten-Ramos and Vanwomer after conducting research on which systematically reviewed gave a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. It is an up-to-date literature review that focuses on the current objectives in the field of investigation in obese people. It is the most relevant to the study of treatment in obese people because it focuses on type-2 diabetes which is the common ailment among overweight people. It answers the question of the positive outcomes of lifestyle interventions on end cholesterol levels of patients, metabolism and hemoglobin levels (Franz et., 2015).
The study was carried out among 6,754 people who grouped into seventeen groups and underwent different dietary administrations for twelve months (Franz et al., 2015). The vast scope of the study increased the accuracy of the findings and therefore catered for the various categories of obesity. Randomized sampling enabled the research method to hence biased results and therefore it is relevant to weight studies. It is true that intensive lifestyle intervention objectives have a better effect on patients seeking weight-loss treatments than other conventional methods.
Lifestyle activities that improve the health of obese people include participation in daily physical activities that exercise the muscles and burns calories. The dietary measures include nutrition therapies where people take account of their food intake (Franz et al., 2015). Another useful method is the reduction of carbohydrates that has starch which is a major factor that encourages weight gain. The social support which includes social awareness that a person is undertaking the program and therefore family members, colleagues and friends can offer a supporting environment to reduce the temptation to overindulge in practices such as excessive consumption of food, alcohol, and unhealthy food.
The most important step in the treatment is regular visits to physicians who take a patient's progress report and test if the method has health benefits on the individual. The exposure of the patients to extensive literature about the benefits of weight loss enables patients to be resilient and draft clear weight goals. Physicians, psychologists, and social contacts increase the support to achieve the set objectives.
The research methods used was very effective because it executed randomized clinical trials to a broad scope. The researchers then institutionalized lifestyle interventions over the period of twelve months which provided enough time to observe clearly, monitor and analyze the changes in each stage. The control group had the purpose of offering a point of reference to not change. The people in this group carried on with normal activities of regular life (Franz et al, 2015). The experimental group showed significant consistent and steady improvements in health. The control sample showed no signs of weight loss and some gained weight over the same period.
The literature touches on the claims of the other four articles where it incorporates all forms of interventions. It focuses on exercising, clinical visits, psychological aspects and a few pretreatment expectations. The margin of limitation is small because it only concentrates on the type-2 diabetes which is a common problem among overweight people.
The shortcomings of the research included the loss of thirty-one percent of initial samples. The people that quit the program reported that they could not handle the intensity of the measures. The research did not focus on the psychological aspect of the sample population, and therefore, psychological factors reduced the rate of accuracy (Franz et al., 2015).
Recommendations for future research on weight-loss treatment for obese people
Research on weight-loss treatments should focus on more aspects of a patient’s life such as the medical history, the genetic structure, the social issues and the mental state of the patient. An all inclusive paradigm ensures address of all dimensions that may influence relapse or more weight gain. Most people relapse to eating disorders once they have achieved their desired weight.
The subjects that participate in the research need constant reassurance so as to provide support actively to science while at the same time gain from the experience. Most sample populations get less motivation when they feel that they are of no use to the project. Active participation and research training are necessary to achieve accurate and empirical research studies.
The study should also focus on people that have substance abuse problems such as excessive consumption of alcohol, smoking and mental disorders such as dyslexia. People with alcohol addiction problems and are obese tend to have a great challenge when undergoing treatment for weight-loss. The addiction has to be treated first before the lifestyle intervention begins.
There is also a significant issue on excessive weight gain for people who quit substance use such as smoking cigarettes and chewing tobacco. A study that addresses the issue of weight gain in smokers who quit needs to undergo investigation. The research problem needs to focus on ways to reduce the sudden appetite increase when a person stops.
Studies on weighing loss also need to concentrate on the problem of anorexia. Most patients that are successful in experiencing weight-loss continue to apply this treatment and to an extent, it leads to underweight problems such as anorexia. The psychological state of the patients matter and treatment reduced as the patients continue to apply the methods of intervention.
The issue of abnormal metabolism rates is important in sharing ways to reduce weight. Psychological issues such a dysthymia also need to be studied. This condition affects the patient's depression level during treatment and therefore studies on how it relates to weight gain are crucial to the research on weight gain. In the literature review, no article focuses on the economic conditions and the social issues around the subject.
People that are poor cannot afford the healthy types of foods that enable them to keep a healthy weight. Processed food contains a lot of fat and chemicals that trigger the fat production and storage in the body. Harmful chemicals in processed food slower the rate of digestion and therefore create oil deposits responsible for weight gain. More research should be put on the companies that manufacture food to ensure that the final products do not contain contents that influence rapid weight gain.
Psychosocial; factors such as self image and trending idols structure the way the society views obese people. Celebrities tend to hold trim body sizes so as to minimize criticism on their self image. The society causes withdrawal symptoms of people that are regarded as overweight. Studies on the overall perception to this form of treatment should be conducted to expose underlying factors in treatment seeking behavior.
Lifestyle changes, physician visits, journals and dietary control help people achieve more success when they decide to lose weight. The multi-agency approach is a mechanism that enables individuals undergoing treatment to achieve their goals in an environment. More research should focus on enabling different agencies in the community to facilitate a conducive environment.
References
Crawford, R. & Glover, L. (2012). The impact of pre-treatment weight-loss expectations on weight loss, weight regain, and attrition in people who are overweight and obese: A systematic review of the literature. British Journal Of Health Psychology , 17(3), 609-630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02059.x
Dutton, G. R., Perri, M. G., Stine, C. C., Goble, M., & Van Vessem, N. (2010). Comparison of physician weight loss goals for obese male and female patients. Preventive Medicine, 50 (4), 186-188. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.01.014
Eddey, S. (2012). Treating the Obese Client: Fat Loss, NOT Weight Loss. Journal Of The Australian Traditional-Medicine Society ,18(3), 157-158.
Franz, M., Boucher, J., Rutten-Ramos, S., & VanWormer, J. (2015). Lifestyle Weight-Loss Intervention Outcomes in Overweight and Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Journal Of The Academy Of Nutrition And Dietetics , 115(9), 1447-1463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.031
Loftus, P. (2015, March 17). Weight-Loss Drugs Seek Acceptance From Patients and Physicians. Wall Street Journal (Online). p. 1.
