The basic definition of constructivism is the learning approach through which the learner makes gains and hence makes their knowledge, from which they derive their reality. Constructivism can be seen from two different schools. The first one tries to show that humans create social facts and that the social structure is evident in the international community's material structure. Looking at the social structure, there are three components: shared knowledge, material resources, and practices. Constructivism puts stress on the use of ideas as the building blocks for the material world. Through ideas, human beings can change the world by changing human behavior. The activities of people are usually done through knowledge sharing. One thing that can be used to show the manifestation of such activities is the material culture.
The second school of thought that tries to explain constructivism is the one which believes that the customs, norms, and learning can change the interests and behaviors of the people of that country. The concept of constructivism can be used to interpret human security. Here is how. Human knowledge is usually based on the social structure, which is used to guide the social significance of the knowledge and its importance. Human perception plays a significant role in the human decision-making process. The entire concept of human security is developed through a number of academic reports and initiatives. The concept of human security is seen in how people's norms and values are influenced, compared to how the same would be influenced by national security. It dramatically affects international relations, interests and identities, and interests, based on constructivists' thought. The roots of poverty, underdevelopment, and insecurity have to be interpreted to solve security.
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Security has hence become a new symbol and language due to its social facts. Security makes sure that individuals' interests and rights in terms of employment, diseases, hunger, environmental degradation, and political oppression. It is multi-level, with an extensive range covering both the traditional and non-traditional concepts of the same. It is safe to say that security acts as a guide in problem-solving and guidance to achieve solutions that may arise in people's day-to-day lives. Security can be put as freedom from want or fear. The concept of security significantly affects governance, global politics, and institutions.
What is war? Describe the main types of war and Clausewitz's critical insights on war.
War can be defined as the convergence of the interconnection of the power and the political objectives in a particular civil order, enabling and limiting the political forces. War is divided into instrumental war, total war, and agonistic fighting. These types of war have an orientation towards advantage, annihilation, and glory, respectively. Instrumental war can be restricted or not, based on the considerations of expediency. Absolute warfare is usually unrestricted and often unregulated. The final classification, agonistic war, is regulated based on the norms.
Analysis, examination, deconstruction, explanations, and glorification of Clausewitz's work on war have been done. In his book, Clausewitz offered insights on the causes of conflicts, which led to the identification of the already existing characteristics and principles that would inform the abstract theories or models. The study of armed conflict and war, both historical and contemporary, can help identify patterns and the common characteristics that would be used in developing explanatory models or theories. The conceptual models can help understand complex phenomena by determining every single element of an entire relation. In his preface to ‘On War’ saying, Clausewitz means that the work aims at investigating the core of the war phenomena. Through this, the phenomena can be linked to the nature of their parts.
What is the logic of nuclear weapons?
Nuclear weapons are used to discourage potential antagonists from an attack. They are generally explosive devices that derive their destructive force from nuclear reactions. The reactions can either be fission or a combination of both fission and fusion reactions. These weapons have raised some concerns. One is how all the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaties have an obligation of working towards eliminating nuclear weapons. The reason behind these countries that have these nuclear weapons usually have the urge and need to compete in capabilities and numbers with others since the main reason why most of these states have nuclear weapons is to deter nuclear attack by others.
States that have nuclear weapons should be prepared to proceed with mutual nuclear reductions and elimination. They should be able to do this without endangering their national security. Negotiations are required to acquire the required trust and steps to achieve this. Some people have argued that imposing a ban on these nuclear weapons can be unrealistic since the disbarment pace can't be forced, though it's dependent on the ban's aim. For all these to be achieved, it is crucial to change the people's mindset regarding nuclear weapons. At present, there is no much focus on more nuclear reductions and complementary measures. There is a significant risk that there will be a grand unveiling, where the past's arms control achievements may come undone. Implementing a ban may go a long way in helping arrest this trend and reinforcing the need for strenuous efforts towards widened and resumed nuclear reductions.
