One of Nigeria's current news is the rising cases of vaccine-derived poliovirus despite the recent celebration of an end to wild poliovirus by health workers and the survivors' in the country. World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigeria's government have been pressuring on vigilance to avoid a possible outbreak in the bud ( Mamun et al., 2020) . Despite the victory to end wild poliovirus, circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) is a threat to children under five years due to its infectious nature. The problem is caused by infrequent and low immunization ( Zaffran et al., 2018) . The spread of this strain of polio is through contaminated food or water. After a child has been infected with the cVDPV, one will experience life-long paralysis or even death in some cases. Vaccine-derived polio cases are being recorded in significant states of West Africa, such as Sokoto and Lagos. The vaccine-derived polio cases were discovered in Sokoto state in early 2020, leading to children's unrelenting vaccination under five years ( Nigeria , 2020) . The paper will discuss background information on vaccine-derived polio, its resurgence, and its significance to Nigeria and nursing practitioners.
Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus has led to failure in achieving success in the fight against the eradication of poliovirus in Nigeria. The first outbreak of the disease was in 2008; however, the other condition cases were also confirmed in June 2018 in Sokoto State, Nigeria ( Fatiregun et al., 2020) . The discovery was based on environmental samples collected between January 30 th and 23 rd May of 2018 from sites suspected of testing positive for the genetically–related virus. The analysis of the samples indicated that cases of vaccine-derived polio were present among children. During the process, the researchers discovered that the onset of paralysis among the affected had been experienced. The cases of the cVPDV led to the push for vaccination to eradicate the condition ( Hamisu et al., 2019) . Despite the vaccination push in 2018, health workers highlighted that regions like Sokoto were faced with hurdles. For example, the coverage of Penta3 in the region was very low sup-optimal at 17.9% in 2018 ( Min et al., 2020) . The causes of low vaccination cases are caused by insecurity due to the presence of armed groups and rumors related to vaccination, such as infertility. Nonetheless, lack of education shunned the 2018 vaccination against vaccine-derived polio campaigns. The factors mentioned above led to the outbreak of the same cVDPV between 2019 and 2020. Notably, the region recorded 8 outbreaks of the condition during the period above. In 2020, one case has been recorded in Sokoto State.
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The resurgence of the vaccine-derived poliovirus between 2018 and 2020 in Nigeria is associated with children's under-immunization. Through the risk assessment conducted by WHO, it was established that there was a high risk of spreading the disease based on geographical movements. After detecting the virus, a detailed investigation was conducted by the world health organization within 48 hours in environmental surveillance areas ( Ming et al., 2020) . The research also covered residual trivalent oral polio, community coverage survey, active community cases, and acute paralysis. The second phase took place in 2018, and it was carried out in 54 Local Government Areas in Jigawa, Gombe, Bauchi, and Sokoto State. The analysis showed that 315 children below the age of five were affected by the virus ( Dankoli, 2019) . Through the WHO, intensification of vaccination was implemented. However, in 2020, a case of cVDPV was discovered in the Sokoto state among children below five years.
The current outbreak of vaccine-derived polio is significant in Nigeria since it demonstrates the need for drastic measures in curbing further spread of the virus. One of the drastic measures in which Nigeria needs to apply is comprehensive vaccine coverage. The country should put in place a push for massive inactivated campaign polio vaccine (IPV) across the country to boost the immunity against the virus ( Kalkowska et al., 2019) . Notably, the country has begun a vaccination campaign that targets 1.5 million children ( Mustapha et al., 2020) . The outbreak of the condition also helps the country intensify surveillance with the community's assistance. Such will help in the identification and isolation of possible cases associated with vaccine-derived poliovirus. The outbreak also enables the health officers to monitor the environment and examine sewer in affected areas ( Usman et al., 2019) . Such helps in virus detection purposes, a useful method in finding and isolating cases other cases related to the poliovirus.
The news on the outbreak of vaccine-derived poliovirus is crucial to me as a person and as a nurse. As a person, it helps in understanding the importance of vaccination. The cause of the pandemic was a majorly infrequent and low level of vaccination due to rumors such as it causes infertility. As a nurse, the poliovirus outbreak helps develop protocols that can help facilitate ways of promoting acceptance about vaccination of polio. For example, I can start an educational program, especially in a health care facility where women who attend prenatal and postnatal clinics are taught about the importance of vaccination. Nonetheless, I will endeavor to ensure vaccination delivery to affected areas and at-risk is done. I will also help the healthcare map risk areas for easy vaccination rolling out of the program. Such will allow for easy identification and facilitating follow-up of the program and ensure the people from neighboring geographical locations are immunized to minimize polio cases from being infectious.
References
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Fatiregun, A., Famiyesin, E., Bawa, S., & Ogunbodede, N. (2020). Field investigation and response to a vaccine-derived poliovirus pre-tOPV switch in Southwest Nigeria, October 2015. The Pan African Medical Journal , 37 . https://dx.doi.org/10.11604%2Fpamj.2020.37.6.17344
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