Identify all the labels on the respiratory system image. (2 points)
Nostril.
Trachea.
Left bronchioles.
Alveoli.
Diaphragm.
Right lung.
Bronchi.
Throughout the entire respiratory tract (upper and lower) there are multiple means to clean/filter debris from inhalations. Give three specific examples of these and explain why you think the human body has multiple means for cleaning/filtering. (4 points)
The nostrils at the top of the respiratory tract allow air passage during inhalation. The nasal passageways contain cilia that filter out dust and other particles that may be inhaled. Air can also be inhaled through the mouth. The mouth and nasal cavity meet at the throat. The pharynx carries both food and air into the digestive system and respiratory system respectively. The epiglottis that lies between the respiratory system and digestive system covers the trachea when food is swallowed, hence keeping liquids and food from entering the lungs. The tracheal wall is also lined downwards with cilia, which sweep foreign particles and fluids and prevent it from entering the lungs. Goblet cell at the bronchi walls secret mucus to trap any particles while ciliated cells function in sweeping debris. In the bronchioles, Clara cells differentiate, divide, and metabolize harmful chemicals that might be absorbed into the bloodstream.
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Your patient presents missing Type II (Septal) cells which produce surfactant. Would this be a bad prognosis and why? (3 points)
Type II Septal cells are very vital in cell division to replace damaged type I cells. They also secrete a lipoprotein complex that prevents atelectasis, regulate surface tension, and maintain alveolar fluid balance. Their absence may lead to respiratory distress syndrome, which may cause death for my patient or cause other chronic lung diseases among other abnormalities.
Briefly discuss lung compliance and give two specific examples of non-compliance. (3 points)
Lungs expand and stretch to accommodate a certain volume of air. Pulmonary compliance is measured in two ways, dynamic compliance, and static compliance. Dynamic compliance happens anytime during real movement of air, while static lung compliance occurs when there is variation in volume for a given applied pressure. Lung compliance is of importance in that it measures respiratory physiology. Non-compliance may lead to fibrosis and emphysema.
In the image of the digestive system, pick four organs and name their primary function. (4 points)
2-Mainly allows the passage of food boluses from the mouth to the stomach.
4-Secretes pancreatic juice that neutralizes the acidic chyme from the stomach.
5-Cite for absorption of digested food nutrients.
7-It produces bile juice that is responsible for emulsification of fats in the duodenum.
Explain why and how some types of digestion begin before food enters the stomach. (2 points)
Digestion kicks off immediately one see, taste, or smell their favorite food since it triggers the secretion of saliva that prepares the medium for digestion.
Explain how eating disorders can affect overall metabolism. (4 points)
Eating disorders are mental disorders that are accompanied by abnormal eating habits, for example, bulimia nervosa involves eating a lot that may later complicate digestion and lead to excessive exercise thereby increasing the metabolism rate. Other disorders like muscle dysmorphia make victims too skinny, too small and insufficiently lean, which may lower metabolic rate.
Identify the structures of the urinary system (include “left” and “right” when appropriate). (2 points)
A-Right kidney, B-Inferior vena cava, C-Right ureter, D-Urethra, E-Urinary bladder, F-Left ureter, G-Abdominal aorta, H-Left kidney
What are the functions of the urethra, ureters, and bladder? (3 points)
Ureters are smooth muscle fiber tubes that drive urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder temporarily stores urine from the kidney and controls the frequency of urination. The urethra carries urine from urinary bladder to outside body through urination process.
Describe all the functions of a nephron. (2 points)
A nephron is a fundamental unit of the kidney structure that separates water, small molecules, and ions from blood, return needed molecules into the blood as well as filter out toxins and wastes from the blood through ultrafiltration process.
There are many means by which to control the volume/consistency of urine. How does this relate to overall homeostasis? (2 points)
The body maintains fluid balance by balancing fluid loss and intake. Through urine control, the body can keep the body hydrated with proper ion balance, while also removing excess salts and other toxic substances from the body.
Pick one major electrolyte imbalance and describe how it affects overall homeostasis. (3 points)
Sodium plays vital roles in regulating blood volume, maintaining water volume in the body, maintaining nerve and muscle functions. Its absence raises the potassium level in the blood that may lead to hypertension and stroke.
What does the logarithmic scale mean when considering the pH scale? (2 points)
Logarithm scale involves nonlinear scale primarily used to measure quantities of large range like in PH solutions. It is established on magnitude orders.
What are buffers? How are they used? Provide two examples. (4 points)
Buffers are watery solutions with highly stable PH. They are used in maintaining PH value constant in a wide range of chemical application. For instance, the bicarbonate buffering system regulates the blood PH. Other buffer examples include acetic acid, ammonium chloride, and citric acid.
