Identify three communication techniques that could be utilized to support and help build a therapeutic relationship with Yasmin and her aunt. (3 marks)
The therapeutic relationship between Yasmin and her aunt can be increased by embracing non-verbal communication techniques. Since Yasmin cannot express herself fully, it is prudent to watch over her non-word reactions to establish her problem. In this case, paralinguistic, autonomics, and kinesis communication techniques are crucial. Whereas paralinguistic places emphasis on different tones and utterances, kinesis takes consideration of gestures and facial expressions to interpret the inner meaning that cannot be expressed verbally. Autonomics entails the observation and understanding and interpretation of involuntary body movements to depict different forms of emotions (Falszewska et al., 2017) . With this knowledge in mind, the therapeutic relationship between Yasmin and her aunt can be enhanced significantly.
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Discuss three safety concerns related to Yasmin’s developmental stage and hospital admission. (3 marks)
Yasmin is twelve months old, and at that stage, she is vulnerable to falls, injuries and poisoning. To minimize falls, she should be monitored during her sleep to avoid tripping. The hospital room should be cleared and unnecessary bottles and drugs should be kept away from Yasmin’s reach to curb her from consuming them (Leifer, 2019) . Finally, sharp objects should also be kept out of her reach to minimize injuries during her admission.
Describe and give rationale explaining what findings in Yasmin’s assessment are of concern. (4 marks)
The results are of great interest because they indicate that her consumption is low due to low appetite and increased voiding intervals. She possesses both early and late signs of dehydration (Falszewska et al., 2017) . Furthermore, she depicts symptoms of severe dehydration, which not only weakens her body but also denies her the willingness to take food and fluids.
4. Identify two early and two late signs and symptoms of dehydration in pediatric patients. (4 marks)
Some early symptoms of dehydration on pediatric patients are dry lips and little urination. The lips can be directly observed while dry diapers characterize the less urination for more than three hours. The late symptoms are severe weight loss and fast heartbeats (Bonasso et al., 2019) . Weight loss can be observed through the physical changes of the patient, while their abnormal rise can tell the rate of the pulsations.
5. Differentiate between mild, moderate, and severe dehydration in the pediatric patient. (3 marks)
Mild dehydration exhibits less than 3% weight loss and insignificant expression of vital signs like increased heart rates and reduction of urine. Moderate hydration exhibits a weight loss of between 5% and 10% coupled with concentrated urine. The patients, in this case, show willingness and eagerness to consume drinks to curb the thirsty feeling and dehydration. Severe dehydration exhibits more than 10% weight loss as well as the increased rate of heartbeats. Here, the urine is very concentrated and minimum (Leifer, 2019) . The patients with this level of severity go for more than three to five hours before feeling the urge to urinate.
6. Outline four priority nursing actions while caring for Yasmin. (4 marks)
Fluid management, fall prevention, activity therapy, and creation of a friendly and safe environment. Fluid management aims at balancing the fluids in the body through proper administration of fluids and meals, while fall prevention minimizes the chances of accidentally falling off the bed. On the other hand, activity therapy entails the inclusion of the regular activities that she should engage in at her age (Falszewska et al., 2017) . Furthermore, the nurses have the responsibility of eliminating any possible factors that pose a danger to Yasmin during her stay at the hospital.
7. Explain how diarrhea causes electrolyte imbalances and dehydration. (4 marks)
Bacterial toxins responsible for the transportation of toxins in the intestines are irritated, and thus, they massively secrete electrolytes and water which are released in the waste. Their presence hinders the functionality of the small intestines as they cannot absorb at the required rate (Bonasso et al., 2019) . The massive excretion of these elements and the unabsorbed fluids contributes to massive water loss; and hence, the patient becomes dehydrated.
8. Describe three common methods of treatment for dehydration and diarrhoea in young children. (3 marks)
The conventional techniques of diarrhea and dehydration treatment in children are Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT), Parenteral Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy, and Feeding. Oral Rehydration Therapy entails the provision of a fluid containing electrolytes to the children to ensure that the lost fluids and electrolytes are replaced. Parenteral Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy refer to the intravenous infusion of lactated ringer’s solution until the normalization of the quantity and contents of the patient’s urine (Leifer, 2019) . Feeding entails the ingestion of food substances intending to replace the lost nutrients and offer the child the energy to embark on different activities.
9. Describe what actions should be taken to administer an antipyretic to Yasmin, considering she is spitting up the medication. (2 marks)
Since Yasmin spits the medicine, then the oral mechanisms are not suitable for her. Therefore the intravenous infusion technique should be embraced (Leifer, 2019) . She should further be put in close monitoring to check her response.
10. Identify 3 assessment findings that indicate improvement in the dehydrated child. (3 marks)
Improvement is depicted by moist mucous membranes, proper urine concentration and quantity in line with the age of the child, alertness, and activeness in different situations (Leifer, 2019) . Also, with tender and elastic skin, the child will be considered rehydrated.
References
Bonasso, P. C., Sexton, K. W., Hayat, M. A., Wu, J., Jensen, H. K., Jensen, M. O., ... & Dassinger, M. S. (2019). Venous physiology predicts dehydration in the paediatric population. journal of surgical research , 238 , 232-239.
Falszewska, A., Dziechciarz, P., & Szajewska, H. (2017). Diagnostic accuracy of clinical dehydration scales in children. European journal of pediatrics , 176 (8), 1021-1026.
Leifer, G. (2019). Introduction to maternity and pediatric nursing . St. Louis, MO: Elsevier
