Outline
Thesis : The country responded to these disasters in ways and in accordance to its preparedness; victims were affected psychologically even in the availability of resources that assisted them.
Paragraph 1
Topic sentence : 9/11 event occurred on the 11th of September 2001 and had immense psychological effects on victims.
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They were a series of 4 coordinated attacks by the Islamic terror group, the Al Qaeda
Two planes crushed into the World Trade Center twin towers and a third hit the pentagon
The third plane crushed in a field in Pennsylvania
Victims were likely diagnosed with PTSD or depression
Paragraph 2
Topic sentence : Hurricane Katrina happened in august of 2005 and had significant psychological effects on its victims.
It reached the Louisiana coast on 29th august 2005
It further caused flooding and immense damage in Mississippi and Alabama
It killed at least 1500 people and left many injured
It is regarded as one of the most expensive disasters as its economic cost run into over hundreds of billions
Victims were diagnosed with high levels of stress and PTSD
Paragraph 3
Topic sentence : The government may not have been ready for the 9/11 attack and hurricane Katrina but had some resources in place to deal with such disasters.
There were common approaches in place for all types of disasters
These two were somewhat overwhelming for all involved agencies
FEMA came to the aid of victims in both disasters immediately and in the long run
Paragraph 4
Topic sentence : Both the 9/11 attack and hurricane Katrina had individual long-term effects on the victims and the country as a whole.
Victims were affected physically and emotionally
The country experienced immense economic effects
It took time and effort to rebuild
Families were left scared
Paragraph 5
Topic sentence: These disasters affected children and adults in varied ways
Parents lost children and children lost parents
Mental health issues were present in both groups e.g. PTSD, depression
Paragraph 6
Topic sentence : The role played by media in psychological well-being
Focused more on government responses than the victims
Annotated bibliography
Barnes, M., Hanson, C., Novilla, L., Meacham, A., McIntyre, E., & Erickson, B. (2008). Analysis of Media Agenda Setting During and After Hurricane Katrina: Implications for Emergency Preparedness, Disaster Response, and Disaster Policy. American Journal Of Public Health , 98 (4), 604-610. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2007.112235
The authors demonstrate how media responded to hurricane Katrina in its aftermath. They outline how media focused mainly on demonstrating what the government did not do and especially the failures in its response and management and not on the victims. The article is important as it helps show how media reacted to the disaster and whether in helped in the psychological well-being of the victims.
Jensen III, C. J. (2007). An Analysis of Failure: Pearl Harbor, 9/11, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. In Volume 3 of the Proceedings of the Futures Working Group (p. 7).
The author focuses on major disasters that have hit the U.S and the extent to which the government has learned from them. The article demonstrates that the government may not have responded with the needed efficiency and questions whether there would be improved preparedness in the future. The article is important as it highlights preparedness during disasters and highlights were the government failed.
Nusbaum, N. (2006). The Katrina Public Health Debacle: Lessons Learned and Lessons Ignored. Southern Medical Journal , 99 (9), 911-912. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.smj.0000232199.65257.5f
The author identifies how various agencies conducted themselves and responded to hurricane Katrina. The author looks at agencies like FEMA and analyzes how they exceled and areas they could have done better. The article is relevant for the current study as it provides information on what was done right and what could have been done better with a focus on government agencies like FEMA.
Schechter, L. (2008). From 9/11 to Hurricane Katrina: Helping others and oneself cope following disasters. Traumatology , 14 (4), 38-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765608323736
The author gives an account of a psychologist who was present in the aftermath of the 9/11 attack and offered its victims help. The psychologist also experienced hurricane Katrina after moving to Louisiana. The accounts a both a professional and personal perspective of the psychologist’s experiences during these 2 disasters. The article includes psychological techniques that seemed to work for the victims and those that did not work. The article is relevant for the current inquiry as it provides first-hand information of the psychological experience of the two disasters and how victims were helped.
Waugh Jr., L. W. FEMA in Shambles: 9/11 and the Nation’s Capacity to Deal with Catastrophic Disasters, in Morgan, M. (2009). The impact of 9/11 on politics and war . Palgrave Macmillan.
The author gives an account of the role played by FEMA in the aftermath of the 9/11 attack. He recognizes that the country may not have had specific approaches in place but there were common strategies for handling natural and unnatural disasters. It outlines specific help that was availed by FEMA in New York and Virginia. The article is useful for the current study as it highlights the role played by FEMA during a disaster such as 9/11.
