A taxonomical classification system is one that helps accentuate the physical attributes of bloodstains, which an analyst would require to be present at the scene of a crime. Some of these physical characteristics include the dispersion, number, orientation, shape and volume ( Gardner, 2006) . The analyst would then use these characteristics to identify a bloodstain as belonging to a given classification.
Examples of classifications that can be made using the mentioned characteristics include a chain of elliptical or circular stains which would be indicative of bloodstains that resulted from a free fight ( Gardner, 2006) . Some stains may also be classified as being positioned in a curvilinear or linear orientation or some may be viewed by the analyst as having individual stains that are direct or appear in gamma angles as compared to the overall path of the entire pattern. It is crucial to be objective in the classification of blood stains as this ensures that the analyst can prepare and present classifications that are not impacted by outside forces but those which are founded on certain physical characteristics. This further ensures that bloodstains are not viewed as anything by anyone but that they are well-categorized to promote precise conclusions about crime scenes. There are different types of DNA that can be left at a crime scene and these include blood, hair, saliva, semen, sweat or skin cells ( Gršković et al., 2013) . These DNA types may belong to the victim or the perpetrator which becomes critical for the analyst to have effective strategies to use when analyzing DNA. The analyst would use DNA profiling to help generate a profile from what is left behind at the crime scene and therefore connect it to the victim or perpetrator. DNA profiling is the primary method used in laboratory to examine the type of DNA. According to Gršković et al., (2013), i t involves extraction where the DNA is released from the cell, quantification to identify how much DNA is available, amplification through several copies to promote characterization, separation to help in subsequent identification analysis and interpretation and quality assurance. Some crime scene circumstances that may affect the successful coding of DNA include contamination especially for crimes scenes that may not have been examined almost immediately after the crime is committed. Some environmental factors like rain may wash away crucial evidence from a crime scene. Also, crimes scenes that contain DNA from individuals from a family may be difficult to process as sequences are almost similar. For the window, the use of a powder that contrasts the window surface would work best in generating fingerprints ( Garg et al., 2011) . It would require the gentle application of the power to minimize or eliminate any damage. A careful sweep of the surface with a soft brush or a wand using a swinging or side-to-side motion would work best in helping reveal the fingerprint. For the gun, using cyanoacrylate fuming works best on metallic surfaces. It reacts with the latent fingerprint to produce a white and hard deposit of the print on the surface. Fluorescent latent print powders would work best for the gun since these powders work well on dark or multicolored surfaces ( Garg et al., 2011) . The enhance ridge details significantly especially when using ultraviolet lights. The ninhydrin spray would work best on the note with a written address as this method does not stain reagents ( Garg et al., 2011) . This would ensure that when used on paper, it does not turn purple or black and that the ink on the paper does not run. It can also reveal prints up to fifty-years old without damaging the surface. The State v. Hayden case at the Washington Court of Appeal affected the admissibility of digital photographs as evidence in the courtroom. The effect was especially felt at the state level as this would later on influence how such evidence was admitted in cases across the state. The court admitted that despite the absence of dispute among experts involved in collecting the evidence at hand, it would be admissible. The evidence was acquired by qualified experts using appropriate software which meant that it was fit to be used in court as evidence. The court argued that these digital photographs were more accurate than analog films as their accuracy in color was up to sixteen million shades ( State v. Hayden) . The accuracy of the shades of gray was also up to two hundred and fifty-six. The court further argued that digital photography is not a novel process ( State v. Hayden) . It has been present in society for some years and used all round for different purposes. These reasons and many more presented by the court made digital photographs admissible in this case as evidence and in eventual cases that involved the use of similar evidence.
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References
Gardner, R. M. (2006). Defining a methodology for bloodstain pattern analysis. Journal of Forensic Identification , 56 (4), 549.
Garg, R. K., Kumari, H., & Kaur, R. (2011). A new technique for visualization of latent fingerprints on various surfaces using powder from turmeric: a rhizomatous herbaceous plant (Curcuma longa). Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences , 1 (1), 53-57.
Gršković, B., Zrnec, D., Vicković, S., Popović, M., & Mršić, G. (2013). DNA methylation: the future of crime scene investigation?. Molecular biology reports , 40 (7), 4349-4360.
State v. Hayden , 950 P.2d 1024, 90 Wash. App. 100 (Ct. App. 1998).
