Acute Kidney Injury is a sudden malfunction of the kidneys. It happens within minimal time, say in a span of a few hours or even days. It interferes with the balancing of body fluids due to the increment of waste products it causes in the blood (Ostermann & Joannidis, 2016).
Classes of Acute Kidney Injury
Kidney injury has three classes; prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal. During the first stage of this condition, which is prerenal, the kidney is still in good condition. Examples of its cause include heart failure, dehydration, and low blood pressure. Intrinsic happens when the liver is directly damaged, leading to the interference of its normal functions. Its causes include acute tubular necrosis (ATN), acute glomerulonephritis (AGN), and acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) (Ostermann & Joannidis 2016). Postrenal, on the other hand, happens when the bladder is blocked because of a protruding prostate gland, when the tubes that allow the flow of urine from the kidney to the bladder has stones, or when a patient has only one kidney.
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Stages of Acute Kidney Injury
Kidney injury occurs in three phases; risk, injury, and finally, failure. During both scenes, the level of creatinine rises from the baseline (Waikar, 2019). During the risk stage, for instance, it increases from about 1.5 to 1.9. The second stage goes even higher when creatinine shoots up to over 2 to about 2.9 from baseline. In the final step, a massive shoot of over three from the baseline is realized.
Factors Predisposing Mr. K. G’s Condition
The factors predisposing Mr. K.G. to acute renal failure could be the fact that his blood cell count is on the low plus his urinalysis level is remarkable. The absence of urine in his system cannot allow the kidney to function fully because the work of urine in the body is to clear impurities, failure, or a decline of level in it is leading to his current condition (Rahman et al., 2017). Besides, his current ailment of Diabetes mellitus exposes him to a more acute renal failure because it is a condition associated with the liver and kidneys. His complaints of having shortness of breath mean that the oxygen supply in his body is inadequate, putting him even at more risk of heart failure.
Laboratory Tests He Should Undergo That Can Help Mitigate His Condition
Mr. K.G. should undergo a urinal test. It will aid the doctors in diagnosing his condition, and if there is a case of a future worsening state, they might be able to prevent it. Blood tests will also be useful because the kidney tests are usually found in the creatinine area, which in most cases, is found in the blood area. Besides those, removing a sample of the kidney tissue for testing would be of great help. (Hollis et al., 2017) The doctor will get to see if there are any emerging symptoms or a current condition that needs to be treated with immediate effect.
Medical Interventions for Mr. K.G
Mr. K.G should undergo dialysis to remove toxins from his body that interfere with the normal functions in his kidney. It will help clear his blood and the whole system, therefore, making the tubes in his body have a clear way for their regular duties. Also, he should consider having treatments that will balance the amount of fluids in his body. Fluids should neither be too concentrated nor very light for his kidneys to function well. His blood calcium levels should also be restored to ensure that wastes in the body do not build up; therefore, blocking tubes that are supposed to flush out unnecessary fluids.
Pros and Cons of Using Diuretic Therapy in Patients with Acute Renal Failure
Diuretic therapy is useful in patients with acute renal failure because it decreases blood pressure, which is the leading cause of conditions related to it (Maicas et al., 2017). It also helps in reducing the rate of serum level in the body (Heung et al., 2016). It, however, should be used in a very usual way because its overdose is dangerous in that it can cause metabolic complications and a rise in serum creatinine, which can cause further damage to the liver.
References
Ostermann, M., & Joannidis, M. (2016). Acute kidney injury 2016: diagnosis and diagnostic workup. Critical Care, 20(1), 299.
Waikar, S. S. (2019). Precision nosology versus precision nephrology: defining acute kidney injury, again. Kidney international, 95(4), 741-743.
Rahman, S., Davidson, B. R., & Mallett, S. V. (2017). Early acute kidney injury after liver transplantation: Predisposing factors and clinical implications. World journal of hepatology, 9(18), 823.
Hollis, E., Shehata, M., Khalifa, F., El-Ghar, M. A., El-Diasty, T., & El-Baz, A. (2017). Towards non-invasive diagnostic techniques for early detection of acute renal transplant rejection: A review. The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, 48(1), 257-269.
Heung, M., Steffick, D. E., Zivin, K., Gillespie, B. W., Banerjee, T., Hsu, C. Y., ... & Shahinian, V. B. (2016). Acute kidney injury recovery pattern and subsequent risk of CKD: an analysis of veterans health administration data. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 67(5), 742-752.
Maicas, N., van der Vlag, J., Bublitz, J., Florquin, S., Bakker-van Bebber, M., Dinarello, C. A., ... & Hilbrands, L. B. (2017). Human Alpha-1-Antitrypsin (hAAT) therapy reduces renal dysfunction and acute tubular necrosis in a murine model of bilateral kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. PloS one, 12(2), e0168981.
