Being a 40 years old female, smoker, and an active user of contraceptive pills can present many challenges to Margaret, who is separated from her husband with the view of filing for divorce. Although her Body Mass Index of 28.6 and the examination of her head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat (HEENT) are grossly within normal limits (WNL), they present future challenges due to her active smoking habit. Additionally, although she is an active smoker, the lungs are clear to auscultation; her smoking habit does not go well with contraceptives.
According to Perry et al., (2019), smoking while using birth control increases typically the risk of interacting with cardiovascular side effects. Therefore, Margaret has a higher risk of experiencing a stroke, heart attacks, or blood clots. All the above results can be deadly to the life of Margaret. Therefore she is at a higher risk of premature death because she combines smoking and birth control. According to Bharadwaja, Johnsen, & Løken, (2014) women who smoke and are above the age of 35 can either use an intrauterine device (IUD), intrauterine system (IUS), contraceptive implant, contraceptive injection, progestogen-only pill. However, such women can choose to stop smoking and use any other form of contraception of their choice.
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Various risks are typically associated with the use of birth control pills while smoking. According to Keziosa1 et al., (2017), age plays an essential role regarding the type of birth control pill that smoking women can take. Contraception options contraindicated for women who smoke include vaginal rings, contraceptive injections, the patch, and some oral contraceptives. Smoking while on birth control restricts the flow of blood typically to the heart and generally constricts the blood vessels. Birth control pills usually contain Ethinyl estradiol, which is a dangerous compound when combined with nicotine found in alcohol. In other words, smoking while using contraceptives increases often the risk of cardiovascular issues in the body, and hence, Margaret should avoid smoking while using contraceptives.
Margaret must be informed about the dangers presented by Tobacco addiction by women smokers who are actively taking contraceptives. According to Lima et al., (2019), more than 75 percent of women smokers who take contraceptives are not normally aware of its effects on the body. Therefore, although her current body mass index, as well as lung conditions, does not indicate any signs of wear or tear, Margaret needs to be aware of the dangers she faces smoking and taking contraceptives. Smoking can lead to the formation of lung disease in the nasal cavities, and this can be detrimental to the health of Margaret. Besides the nasal infections, it can cause cardiovascular diseases.
Having a regular Pelvic Exam is a positive indication. However, Margaret must watch out to ensure that it remains the same so that she does not fall into any illnesses because of her combination of nicotine and birth control pills. The physician must inform Margaret about the effects of all the available contraceptives with a bias towards those that she can use while smoking. Additionally, he or she can also ask her whether it would be possible for her to quit her smoking habit due and alternatives. Moreover, Margaret should be sensitized about some of the lung diseases like COPD, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Finally, the physician must stimulate Margaret about all the possible options before helping her make the right decision about her health.
References
Bharadwaja, P., Johnsen, J., & Løken, K. (2014). Smoking bans, maternal smoking, and birth outcomes. Journal of Public Economics, 115 (1), 72-93. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.04.008
Keziosa1, K., Gua, Y., Liu, X., Cirillo, P., Tarrant, D., Petreas, M., et al. (2017). Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites (OH-PCBs), maternal smoking, and size at birth. Reproductive Toxicology, 71 (1), 166-175. DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.02.015
Lima, V., Rik, P., Johannes, C., Marc, F., Paul, W., & Karin, L. (2019). Dynamic, data-driven typologies of long-term smoking, cessation, and their correlates: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey. Social Science & Medicine, 235 (1), 112-393. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112393
Perry, M., Mulcahy, H., & DeFranco, E. (2019). Influence of preconception smoking behavior on birth defect risk. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 220 (6), 588.e1-588.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.02.029.
