Women in Traditionally Male Occupation

Martin, P., & Barnard, A. (2013). The experience of women in male-dominated occupations: A constructivist grounded theory inquiry.  SA Journal of industrial psychology ,  39 (2), 01-12. DOI: 10.4102/sajip.v39i2.1099 

The research uses a constructive grounded theory inquiry to draw conclusions. The authors are scholars from the University of South Africa. The article addresses women's unique challenges in male-dominated occupations, the coping strategies, and how this influences their motivation and retention. The study is motivated by the reality that females in male-dominated professionals soon change to female-dominated ones. The research found that organizations have formal and informal practices that uphold gender bias and discrimination. The article is intended for a professional audience because of the technicality of terms and the theoretical lenses. An academic audience is also suited for the information. The article will contribute to the research by identifying the practices that attract, integrate, and retain women in male-dominated professions. 

Busch, F. (2020). Gender segregation, occupational sorting, and growth of wage disparities between women.  Demography ,  57 (3), 1063-1088. DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00887-3 

The article seeks to answer the main question based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1992–2015). The author is a scholar at the University of Oxford and works in the Department of Sociology. According to the author, the wages of females working in the traditionally male occupations have continued to increase over the last few decades in Germany. However, this has impacted the widening pay gap of women in male dominated professions and other women. The author further contends that discrimination of women in these professions has also decreased substantially. The author particularly pays significant attention to the German labor market, focusing on the data collected between 1992 and 2015. The lucrativeness of the male-dominated industry has increased the demand by women. The article is relevant for an advanced or an academic audience because of its analytical nature. This article will take a comparative analysis to assess the wage discrepancies between women in male-dominated industries and their counterparts elsewhere in the research paper. 

Roos, P. A., & Stevens, L. M. (2018). Integrating occupations: Changing occupational sex segregation in the United States from 2000 to 2014.  Demographic Research ,  38 , 127-154. 10.4054/Dems.2018.38.5 

The researchers apply an analytical model known as the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series data. The authors are researchers based at Rutgers University. The decline in the occupation sex segregation began in the late stages of the 20 th century. Women had immense economic and occupational opportunities at their disposal. However, the authors argue that the advancement stalled in the 21 st century. In their research, the authors established that in the post-2000 period, women's occupational entry in male-dominated sectors remained uneven. A significant influx of women was particularly experienced in the health profession. The article paints a substantial picture of the feminization and masculinization of occupations across the generational spectrum. The article is more appropriate for an academic or professional audience. It will assist the research by providing a generational dynamic of feminization and masculinization of professions pre and post-2000. 

Ermiş-Mert, A. (2017).  Gendered jobs and occupational prestige in Turkey: Women in the hierarchy elevator. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 23(4), 442–472.  doi:10.1080/12259276.2017.1385248 

The article uses the ordered logistic regression as a framework for the analysis of the problem. The author is a renowned contributor to the Asian Journal of Women's Studies. Notably, the article pays significant attention to the issue in Turkey. According to the author, highly educated women are more likely to secure jobs in the prestigious male-dominated sectors. The author also establishes that married women are less likely to achieve this. The article also looks at family dynamics and how it influences a woman's ability to enter into the male-dominated industry. Women with one child are a better placed to secure these male-dominated jobs. However, the chances are less slim for women with two or more children. The research article is appropriate for a professional or academic audience, thanks to the technicality of concepts. Based on Turkey as a case study, the article will extrapolate the familial and education factors contributing to a woman's entry into the male-dominated sector. 

Cha, Y. (2013).  Overwork and the Persistence of Gender Segregation in Occupations. Gender & Society, 27(2), 158–184.  Doi: 10.1177/0891243212470510  

The article primarily employs research from the longitudinal data drawn from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. The author of the text is a scholar and an educator at Indiana University. The article pays significant attention to the common trend of long hour work in the male-dominated sector and how it potentially leads to gender segregation. Conventionally, women cannot work for the same long hours as their male counterparts due to their family duties. The research study looks at whether the conflicting time demands are an antecedent to discrimination and a potential cause for attrition. The research finds that mothers are more likely to leave the male-dominated works if they work for more than 50 hours a week. The author also shows that overworking mothers are more likely to quit the labor market completely, and this is specific to the traditionally male-dominated jobs. The article is appropriate for an academic audience due to its research trajectory. It will contribute to the research by demonstrating why women have a high turnover rate in male-dominated areas. 

Wright, T. (2013). Uncovering sexuality and gender: an intersectional examination of women’s experience in UK construction.  Construction management and economics ,  31 (8), 832-844. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2013.794297 

The research employs interviews and a focus group to determine the outcome. The author is a contributor to the Construction and Economics Journals. The author illuminates how the construction industry has slowly responded to the need to incorporate women and treat them equally. The article also asserts that women's sexuality becomes a significant issue of consideration when they enter the male-dominated workforce. The potential of women exclusion from their workplaces, depending on their sexual orientation, is high. Sexual harassment in the construction industry continues to persist. The author argues that lesbians experience different forms of harassment than their heterosexual counterparts. The response of the employers to homophobic behavior in the workplace is lethargic. The article is well-suited for an academic audience. The research will support the experiences of women in construction, particularly lesbians. 

McDonald, J. (2013). Conforming to and resisting dominant gender norms: How male and female nursing students do and undo gender.  Gender, Work & Organization ,  20 (5), 561-579. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2012.00604.x 

The article uses different gender frameworks to support their points. James McDonald is a corresponding author at the Department of Communication, University of Colorado. Previous research has elaborated that men can construct and draw masculine identities in female-dominated industries. However, few research studies have managed to prove the opposite. The study focuses on how both male and female nursing students resist gender norms in their professional context. It also elaborates on how gender ideas can be done and undone during the professional training of students. The article is relevant to both an academic and non-academic audience due to its relative ease. It will assist the research by explaining how women can undo the gender barriers that adversely affect their involvement in male-dominated fields. 

England, P. (2010). The gender revolution: Uneven and stalled.  Gender & Society ,  24 (2), 149-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243210361475 

The article primarily employs a detailed literature review to argue its points. The author is a researcher and a scholar at Stanford University. In the article, the author begins by highlighting the sweeping changes witnessed in the gender system. However, she contends that the changes have primarily been uneven. With women's role in society valued than ever before, women have more incentives to penetrate male jobs. However, the author also argues that males have little incentive to infiltrate females' traditionally held positions. The author presents two fundamental concepts, including gender egalitarianism and gender essentialism, to explore job occupancy dynamics for females. Gender egalitarianism backs women to occupy all areas of job or school irrespective of their sex. On the contrary, essentialism sees women follow gender-typical paths except when there is a promise for upward mobility. The article is appropriate for an academic audience. It will contribute to the research by applying the two theories to gauge how women enter or avoid male-dominated professional areas. 

Agbalajobi, D. T. (2010). Women’s participation and the political process in Nigeria: Problems and prospects.  African Journal of Political Science and International Relations ,  4 (2), 075-082. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPSIR.9000149 

The research employs a qualitative study that uses secondary data gathered from various university libraries. The author is a researcher at the Department of Political Science at Redeemer's University, College of Management Science. The author argues that women in Nigeria constitute almost half of the population. They have a significant role as mothers, political activists, and community organizers. Regardless, women in Nigeria have not received the much-needed opportunity to engage in professions within the political sphere. Traditionally, politics has remained a male-dominated area, especially in developing countries. The article seeks to address the discrimination and segregation in politics and how women can be empowered to occupy these positions. The article is appropriate for an academic and professional audience due to its technicality. In the research, the article will contribute to the perennial underrepresentation of women in politics, especially in the developing world. 

O'Brien, D. Z. (2015). Rising to the top: Gender, political performance, and party leadership in parliamentary democracies.  American Journal of Political Science ,  59 (4), 1022-1039. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12173 

The article assesses gendered leadership patterns in 11 parliamentary democracies between 1965 and 2013. The author of the article is a reputable researcher at Indiana State University. The main aim of the source is to explore whether women are given leadership positions in party politics. The outcome of the research was highly circumstantial and depended on a host of factors. For instance, women are likely to occupy leadership positions in minor parties or those that are in decline. After election to office, women are likely to abandon their seats when they begin gaining seats. The same can also happen when these women experience unfavorable trajectory. The article is appropriate for an academic, non-academic, professional, and non-professional audience. The source will assist the research by exploring their political position and the dynamics that affect their participation at the leadership level. 

Beede, D. N., Julian, T. A., Langdon, D., McKittrick, G., Khan, B., & Doms, M. E. (2011). Women in STEM: A gender gap to innovation.  Economics and Statistics Administration Issue Brief , (04-11). 

The article focuses on a literature review as the primary way of articulating the main points. The authors are professionals and researchers, ranging from various areas, including economics and commerce. According to the article, the science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) workforce plays a crucial role in a country's innovation and global competitiveness. Despite making half of the labor workforce, women in America remain underrepresented in the STEM sector. Therefore, the authors agree that this leaves the country in a precarious position, considering the need to meet its competitive edge. Regardless of their low numbers, women in STEM earn approximately 33% more than their counterparts in the non-STEM professions. Also, the gender wage gap is smaller in STEM compared to the non-STEM fields. The discrepancy in females in STEM is mediated by gender stereotyping, lack of female role models, and less family flexibility. The article is appropriate to both an academic and a non-academic audience. It will support the research by providing the barriers to participation in the STEM professions. 

García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2019). Women and STEM disciplines in Latin America: The W-STEM European Project. Journal of Information Technology Research, 12(4), v-viii. 

The source also employs a literature review and a statistical analysis to answer the underlying questions. The author is a corresponding contributor to the Journal of Information Technology Research. The research particularly pays close attention to the involvement of women in research. The author provides data showing that women accounted for only 28.4% of individuals employed in Research and Development. Therefore, gender disparity occurs in the field of science. The same trend applies to every other country in the South American region. The article is suitable for an academic audience due to the statistical presentation. The source will support the underrepresentation of women in STEM. 

Hailey R. Kimball, Improving the Representation of Women in Law Firms through the Adoption of Family-Friendly Policies (2016), Available at http://digitalcommons.law.msu.edu/king/270. 

The article relies on a literature review to argue the main points. The author is a scholar at the Michigan State University College of Law. The research postulates that despite females consisting of about half of all law graduates, only 34% are practicing laws. Similarly, women are underrepresented in leadership positions. In most law firms, women are more likely to be found in low paying positions. In the US's top 200 law firms, only 4% are managed by women partners. Women have continually walked out of the law profession due to the difficulties they face. Despite the problem, women receive the highest portion of the blame, unlike the partners. The article is appropriate for both an academic and a non-academic audience. Also, it can serve the interest of both a professional and a non-professional audience. The source will demonstrate the problems that women face in the law profession, a male-dominated area. 

Ellis, J. & Buckett, A. (2017). Women in Commercial Legal Practice. IBA Legal Policy & Research Unit file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/IBA-LPRU-Women-in-Commerical-Legal-Practice-Report-2017.pdf 

The authors employ a literature review to discuss the feminization of the legal profession. The authors are renowned legal practitioners and scholars. Women have continued to prove that they are good lawyers. Also, they have achieved much-needed professional status and standing. However, inequality and discrepancies in pay and opportunities remain a significant challenge. The authors further elaborate on how the glass ceiling has negatively impacted their abilities to occupy leadership positions. The source is applicable for both an academic and non-academic audience. It will assist in painting a picture of the vertical and horizontal segregation in the legal profession. 

Peris-Ortiz, M., Rueda-Armengot, C., & Osorio, D. B. (2012). Women in business: entrepreneurship, ethics, and efficiency. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal ,  8 (3), 343-354. DOI 10.1007/s11365-011-0177-0 

The authors use various theoretical and statistical models to paint a picture of women in business. The authors are distinguished scholars from different universities across the world. The percentage of women in business has continued to increase, including those occupying executive positions. The author uses statistical evidence to prove this reality. The empowerment of women across the world has witnessed them take self-employment positions. The research further shows that women are agile, especially in identifying entrepreneurial opportunities. They have also managed to balance their domestic needs with professional duties, thereby leveraging their successes. The article is appropriate for an academic audience to the theoretical and statistical representation. Within the research, it will demonstrate the growth of women in business and entrepreneurship. The article will address their uniqueness and ability to contribute to the economy in this capacity.