Betty Neuman is a nursing philosopher who postulated the system theory. She was born in Ohio in 1924 (Gonzalo, 2019) . She was raised by both her parents and lived with her two brothers. Illness succumbed her father and at 36 years of age, he died. During his period of ailment, she gave care to him, creating her compassion and choice of career. Her elementary and junior primary was in a one-room schoolhouse. Neuman attended high school and later graduated from Peoples Hospital Schooling in Akron with an RN diploma in 1947 (Gonzalo, 2019). She settled in California working in several capacities as a head nurse and hospital nurse at the county hospital of Los Angeles. Neuman also worked as a clinical university, and school nurse at the medical center of the Los Angeles University of Southern California. She obtained a degree in psychology and public health. In 1966, she received a mental health master’s degree in public health consultation from UCLA (Gonzalo, 2019). After earning her master’s degree, Neuman was employed at the nursing graduate program department as the chair. She received her clinical psychology doctoral degree from Pacific Western University in 1985 (Gonzalo, 2019). In collaboration with Donna Aquilina, they created the role of nurse counselor within crisis community center.
World View
Neuman’s design of the system is based on the overall organization reflecting the living organism nature as systems that are openly collaborating and the environment Neuman perceived the system of the client as peculiar with various characteristics and factors along with a specified response range (Ahmadi & Sadeghi, 2017) . The open collaboration entails the continuous flow of input and process, feedback, and output encompassing an organized complex system where variables interact. The central core survival factors include the weakness and strengths of the parts of the system, genetic features and system variables. A human being is a whole person attributed to developmental, spiritual, socio-cultural, psychological and physiological variables. The developmental variable entails the process and activities that are related to age. Religious characteristics explain the influence and beliefs that are spiritual. The socio-cultural element involves the forces and effects of cultural and social factors. The psychological variable covers cognitive activities when interacting with the environment. The physiological component emphasizes on body purpose and construction.
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Concepts of the Theory
Person
As a human being, a person gets perceived as a system that is openly interacting with external and internal forces of the environment (Hood, Leddy, & Pepper, 2018, p. 319). An individual is intertwined in an environment that continually gets changed directed to a stable state of the system that is dynamic or led to the sickness of different degrees. A person contains the central core of the primary mechanisms of endurance such as organ activity, ego, and temperature regulation. Lines of defense protect the base made of a defense’s flexibility, normal range of protection and lines of resistance (Gonzalo, 2019). The flexible line of defense is the outer layer which varies in its response to a stressor. The ordinary defense line marks the wellness state and person adaptation. The resistance lines entail natural conditions determining the reaction to an influencer or stressor. Stressors make up environmental influencers that interact and likely alter the stability of the system.
Environment
The environment is well-defined as every exterior and interior force creating an edge on the client, being affected and influencing the client at a particular time. The background covers a crucial setting required for the system and its normal functioning. Neuman identifies three considerable settings namely created, external and internal. Established influences are developed unconsciously and utilized by an individual to facilitate protective coping (Ahmadi & Sadeghi, 2017) . The internal control gets maintained in the enclosure of the systems of the individual which is intrapersonal. The interactive effects and all forces impact which are withing the client system boundaries develop into the environment. The external influence occurs on the outside of the individual.
Health
Neuman`s description of health is a wellness continuum to sickness, that is continuously changing and has a dynamic nature. She believed that nursing focuses on a whole individual. For a patient to attain optimum health, all the needs of the systems need to be met. Illness occurs in the repulsion of wellness marking an instability state with depletion of energy. The satisfaction of the needs destroys disease and when the life support energy gets removed, death ultimately occurs (Ahmadi & Sadeghi, 2017) .
Nursing
According to Neuman, nursing is peculiar and concerns with the variables influencing stress response by an individual. The main objective of nursing is stabilizing the system of the patient attained by limiting stressors to the patient. System stability gets achieved through nursing interventions that limit stress factors. The vital parts of the process include attention outcomes, treatment goals and tending diagnosis (Gonzalo, 2019) . The model insists on the significance of identifying the caregiver and client views and their interaction in every stage of the process. The levels of intervention include tertiary, secondary and primary. Primary happens earlier when the client reacts to an influencer to limit the likelihood of a stressor encounter. Secondary occurs after a response to the stressor. Tertiary happens after active treatment focusing on readjusting the system of the client to stability.
Application to Practice
Betty’s theory can be functional in significant area of providing care to patients, mainly in intensive care nursing. The system model contains possible benefits in nursing practice. The variable found in Neuman's theory is congruent with the existing philosophies and beliefs of nursing. The promotion will be able to modify the behaviors of nurses ideal to the opinions and ideas of nursing (Tovar, Díaz Suarez, Muñoz, & Fabián, 2016) . It is holistic to the concepts of the individual easily adaptable allowing physiological needs that are predominant to be fully achieved. It is easy to comprehend and written in an acceptable language, providing a framework for the processes of nursing.
References
Ahmadi, Z., & Sadeghi, T. (2017). Application of the Betty Neuman systems model in the nursing care of patients/clients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal – Experimental, Translational, and Clinical , 3 (3), 205521731772679. doi:10.1177/2055217317726798
Hood, L. J., Leddy, S., & Pepper, J. M. (2018). Leddy & Pepper’s conceptual bases of professional nursing (9 th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Gonzalo, A. (2019, August 20). Betty Neuman: Neuman Systems Model (Nursing Theory Guide). Retrieved from https://nurseslabs.com/betty-neuman-systems-model-nursing-theory/
Tovar, G., Díaz Suarez, L. O., Muñoz, L. C., & Fabián. (2016). Evidence -and Betty Neuman's model-based nursing care to prevent delirium in the intensive care unit. Clinica , 41 .
