Question One
The changes in the mode of production today are summarized by one word: Capitalism. Capitalism refers to the mode of production that places emphasis on profit maximization, which often comes at the expense of the worker who is exploited by the capitalist. The capitalist owns the means of production and inherently forced to exploit those who do not have the means of production known as the proletarians because if they do not, someone else will. As the competition between capitalists heightens so does the exploitation of labor. For example, the hyper-competitive marketplace has seen many businesses shift focus onto cost-cutting measures, some of which include cutting on wages paid to workers. In the United States, for instance, not so many have implemented the minimum wage limit law because doing so will hurt their profits. That means that the capitalists are insecure about the rise of proletarians. Also, some businesses are investing in alternatives to human labor, leading to unemployment. Meanwhile, the gap between the haves and the haves-not has increased tremendously and that is yet another peril of capitalism called inequality.
For the Black Community, the solution lies in the social movement known as socialism. Socialism is based on Marxism. It speaks to the process of human development and practice upon which it is possible for a society to facilitate, simultaneously, the development of humans to their full potential as well as the development of the productive forces. The modern socialism emphasizes the need to ensure full participation of the associated producers as well as appropriate means of coordination. The leader of this modern socialism — socialism for the 21st century — is President Chavez of Venezuela. Chavez stresses the need for human development accompanied by practice and that the new model of socialism as a social movement should not only develop productive forces but also develop a socialist human being ( Ellner & Tinker, 2006 ). Indeed, through their full participation in all matters social and economic, the Black Community will be able to develop necessary skills to be productive in the 21st century and fully exploit their potential to live a humane life through improved standards of living for all. The increasing inequality and unemployment through capitalism at the moment is likely to be destructive.
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Question Two
Three movements that have had unique relationships with governments include communism, progressivism, and conservatism. Communism was a social and political movement that was born out of a dysfunction in the capitalist social system that was seen as promoting inequality and unequal distribution of resources. In the 21st century, communism is re-emerging in such governments as the Chinese government in which the country's leading political party, the Communist Party, legitimizes its rule through the claim that alienation and inequality that characterize capitalist societies can be eliminated through only by communist states. On the other hand, progressivism emerged in the 19th century through to the first decades of the 20th century. It was a reform movement that was led by intellectuals and social reformers who wanted to address social, cultural, and political issues that arose from Industrial Revolution and also from modern capitalism in the United States. The Democrats were associated with Progressivism in the United States and the same remains even today, as was in the administration of the former President Barack Obama. Finally, Conservatism holds to political views that embrace free enterprise and private ownership as well as socially conservative ideas ( Berkowitz, 2004 ). That defines the ideology of United States Republican Party and thus the party's administrative approaches while in power.
Question Four
Antoinette Brown was a 19th-century abolitionist whose movement sought to end slavery. Her abolitionist movement inspired the 20th-century feminist Susan B. Anthony, who together with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, started the women suffrage movement known as the National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA) ( REBUS Community, 2013 ). NWSA agitated for the rights of women to vote, leading to the passage of the 19th Amendment in the US Constitution that gave women the right to vote beginning 1920. Another influential leader from the 19th century was Sojourner Truth who realized that the women's suffrage in the 19th century was largely about white women. In fact, she realized that NWSA had barred Black women from being part of the movement to accord women the right to vote. She agitated for the recognition of Black women as equally worthy of voting rights. She inspired the likes of Martin Luther King Jr. who would later agitate for the rights of Blacks as full citizens of the United States through civil rights movements of the 20th century.
References
Berkowitz, P. (2004). Varieties of progressivism in America . Stanford, Calif: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University.
Ellner, S., & Tinker, S. M. (2006). Venezuela: Hugo Chávez and the decline of an "exceptional democracy" . Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Pub.
REBUS Community. 19th Century Feminist Movements. Rebus.community. Retrieved 20 May 2018, from https://press.rebus.community/introwgss/chapter/19th-century-feminist-movements/
