Case management can be defined as a collaborative process whereby options and services necessary in meeting an individual’s personal or family health needs are assessed, evaluated, planned, coordinated, implemented, and monitored. These ca be done through communication, advocacy, education, and facilitation of available resources and services with an aim of fostering quality and cost-effective outcomes.
Care management refers to a program of activities designed to improve patient care and downsize the demand for medical services. This is done through enhanced care coordination, elimination of duplication, and providing patients and caregivers with the necessary support required for effective management of health conditions. Care management is a set of strategies aimed at ensuring there is an improvement of health care quality, effective service delivery, and coordination of care.
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Disease management refers to a program whereby health care interventions and communications for particular patient populations are coordinated and implemented with an aim of empowering patients to manage their chronic diseases and avert complications thereby reducing health care costs and improving quality of life
In diabetes management, the three approaches i.e. case management, care management, and disease management are highly applicable. Diabetes is a chronic disease that is normally managed through home care before it gets to its acute conditions; hence much of its management is done through home care (Brown, 2018). Through these programs, provision of education to patients on the use of home-based blood glucose monitoring equipment and providing more information about the disease is facilitated. As a care management and disease management strategy, diabetes management requires screening of how patient prescribed drugs interact with other drugs, food, laboratory tests, and disease so as to respond to adverse drug reactions. Lastly, in diabetes management, medication management and review should be adequately provided in both home care and acute care.
Aging considerably hinders case management in the sense that there is a range of complications that accompany old age, and diabetes increases the risk and vulnerability to unexpected changes in health status, long-term care, disability, and death (Wilkinson et al., 2016). The aging population requires family caregivers. Without caregivers, case management, care management, and disease management can be difficult among aging patients. On the other hand, culture is historically known to be a limiting factor in diabetes management. In the U.S., some cultures promote negative attitudes towards insulin use, favor more accustomed traditional medicines, promote fatalistic beliefs about diabetes, and refer to spirituality in health-related issues such as diabetes self-management (Abdulrehman et al., 2016).
References
Abdulrehman, M. S., Woith, W., Jenkins, S., Kossman, S., & Hunter, G. L. (2016). Exploring cultural influences of self-management of diabetes in Coastal Kenya. Global Qualitative Nursing Research , 3 , 1-13. doi:10.1177/2333393616641825
Brown, M. A. (2018). About diabetes. Core concepts in diabetes mellitus. Retrieved from http://web.cdediabetes.co.za/for-people-with-diabetes/about-diabetes/core-concepts-in-diabetes-mellitus
Wilkinson, E., Waqar, M., Sinclair, A., & Randhawa, G. (2016). Meeting the challenge of diabetes in ageing and diverse populations: A review of the literature from the UK. Journal of Diabetes Research , 2016 , 1-15. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5086503/
