The central dogma is the mechanism in which the genetic information flows within the biological systems. During the process, the DNA instruction is transformed into operational products. The molecular process contends that the DNA contains the information required to form all the proteins needed in the body (Zhou, 2010) . The RNA acts as a messenger to transmit information to the ribosomes. In the ribosomes, the information is translated into a functional product from a genetic code. The central dogma involves the process of gene expression in which the DNA instructions are transformed into functional products (Guo, 2014) . The gene expression contains two critical processes; transcription and translation stages.
Transcription Process
Transcription is the initial stage of expressing genes into proteins. Gene regulation helps to drive the complexity of living organisms. Transcription is controlled delicately to sustain the cell status (Guo, 2014) . In the process, the messenger RNA is transcribed from one of the components of the DNA molecule. The messenger RNA refers to the process by which RNA takes the biogenetic information from the DNA and transmits it to the ribosomes to generate proteins. In the transcription process, and interrelated copy of the RNA with a series of DNA is developed. The nucleic acids contain the RNA and DNA that are core sets of nucleotides as a corresponding language that enzymes can be changed to and from DNA to RNA. The first process of transcription is pre-initiation, in which the cofactors and RNA polymerase hold together to the DNA and unwind it developing an initiation bubble. On the initiation stage, bacteria bind with the enzymes and DNA promoter. Then, the RNA polymerase clears with the promoter immediately after the bond is coordinated. The DNA signals the strand to be transcribed and the direction of transcription. Then a DNA strand acts as the guide for RNA integration, but numerous transcription rounds take place to produce various copies of a gene. Finally, the newly incorporated mRNA from the elongation complication is released.
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Translation Process
The translation is the process in which the RNA is converted into proteins. The translation of proteins is essential for the self-assembling of biological cells (Hu et al., 2020). During the process, the genetic code in the messenger RNA is read in a flow of one codon at a time to create the protein. The association between the amino acids and DNA base order in proteins is called the genetic code. When the messenger RNA moves out of the nucleus, it proceeds to the ribosome that contains proteins and rRNA. The cell organs read the codons' flow in the mRNA. Translating mRNA entails the maneuver of numerous cell organs on the messenger RNA and is a concern of normative processes at distinct stages (Zhao & Krishnan, 2014) . The tRNA molecules then move the amino acids into the ribosomes in the right order. The translation of messenger RNA into amino acids takes place in the ribosome.
References
Guo, J. (2014). Transcription: the epicenter of gene expression. Journal of Zhejiang University, 15 (5), 409. https://dx.doi.org/10.1631%2Fjzus.B1400113
Hu, X., Dourado, H., Schubert, P., & Lercher, M. J. (2020). The protein translation machinery is expressed for maximal efficiency in Escherichia coli. Nature Communications, 5260 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18948-x
Zhao, Y., & Krishnan, J. (2014). mRNA translation and protein synthesis: an analysis of different modelling methodologies and a new PBN based approach. BMC Systems Biology, 8 (25). https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-0509-8-25
Zhou, A. Q. (2010). Exploration of the Central Dogma at the Interface of Chemistry and Biology. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 83 (3), 131-133.
