Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and Solutions

Introduction 

Global warming is what causes change in climate which is a current issue that is being discussed all over the global. Climate can be described as the rise in temperatures on the earth surface. The rise in average temperatures is as a result, increase in greenhouse gases and increase in industries. The condition is acknowledged once there are alterations in the inconsistency or averages of the properties of the climate where they persist for a comprehensive period usually about or longer than a decade. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), is a body that has been formed to look into matters related to climate change it described the situation as an inconsistency caused change which can be credited to the actions of people which alter the structure of the universal mesosphere hence becomes an adding to the changes in the natural climate observed over a long period of time. Furthermore, some researchers describe climate change as a condition where the long term patterns of a place are change in a long period of time. This is be justified by the shifts in rainfall, average temperature and wind patterns. Climate change may as rise as a result, of natural or manmade factors, among the natural factors that can cause climate change include volcano eruption which emits poisonous gases into the atmosphere. Moreover, among the human activities that can result to having an effect to the change in climate includes deforestation, this is the cutting down of trees, setting up of industries and construction respectively. The essay shall discuss causes, exposure, vulnerability, impacts, resilience, transformation, adaptation, risk related to climate change. 

Review 

The Climate change phenomenon has been termed as a global issue in its causes and consequences thus the response requires a collective international action. The average global temperature of the planet is estimated to have risen by about 1degree Celsius in the 20th century and is expected to rise in future times. As the earth continues to get warmer, a lot of fluctuations shall happen and the impacts are anticipated to be more visible. For instance temperature increases shall be more frequent, long lasting and severe. 

The storms will have high intensities and occur frequently increasing to the flooding and damage to the coastline regions. Furthermore, this phenomenon affects various ecosystems, regions, and the economic sector in many ways. This depends on the capability and the sensitivity of the systems and their aptitude to adjust to the threats of the shifting situations. 

In recent times, there has been confusion between the terms global warming and climate change. These concepts have been used in the study of natural science interchangeably. However, the two terms refer to different phenomena that lead to climate change. Hence, since the terms are related casually, they are used daily in various studies. 

Causes of climate change . 

There are many reasons as to why the earth’s climate is changing drastically. For starters, we have the increase of the earth’s temperature as a primary cause of global warming. The atmosphere consists of greenhouse gases which include carbon dioxide, nitrogen, vapor, ozone and methane. The greenhouse phenomenon is attributed to increasing the temperature of the surface ( Stern, &Kaufman2014). For instance, some of the sunlight intended to reach the globe surface is immersed. When warming the atmosphere, some is released back to the air in long waves than those of the sun. Thereafter, the wavelengths are absorbed by greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere prior to being released to space. This in result causes the earth to become warm. Therefore, the greenhouse gases are like a mirror which reflects the temperature meant to be absorbed by space to be reflected back to the earth surface. This leads to global warming which eventually causes climate change. 

Global warming is a symptom of climate change. We shall discuss why this is so. Since high temperatures cause climate change, we shall discuss what leads to this scenario .First, the burning of fossil fuels emits a lot of CO2 which gets accumulated in the atmosphere. The production of the gas comes from automobiles, coal plants, industries, trains, airplanes, and ships. 

Additionally, increased usage of chemical fertilizers also leads to climate changes. In the last half century, many farmers have opted to use chemical fertilizers divergent to the traditional use of animal manure. These contain nitrogen which affects the plants ability to store heat hence releasing more CO2 to the earth surface. During heavy rainfalls, the excess fertilizer is washed away to the seas and oceans creating what called a dead zone .Such reduce the amount of air released into the atmosphere causing it to have a weak cooling effect thus allowing for a rise in temperatures. 

Another cause of climate change is the volcanic eruptions of various mountains which release sulphuric gases to the surface. Alongside the sulfate aerosols, black carbon is produced .The gases then reflects sunlight back to the earth. Moreover, industrial activities have also accelerated the production carbon dioxide which is highly concentrated in the atmosphere. This is mostly because of the burning of fossil fuels which have sulfur elements. For instance carbon soot produced by vehicles, industries, biomass burning, outdoor fires .All these gases are as a result of incomplete combustion of coal, diesel fuels and outdoor burning of biomass. All the gas particles absorb much sunlight thus causing the air to get warm which hinders the sun rays from penetrating the earth surface. Therefore, an increase in the earth’s temperature has an effect on the rainfall, sunlight, and snowing patterns which we have seen displayed shifts. 

Sunspots are another factor that leads to the change in climatic conditions. Research has found out that they play a role in by restricting the passage of solar rays which cause radiation. This combined with the solar sparkles form a powerful amalgamation which even scientists don’t have a clue on how to prevent it. Hence, the energy found in the atmosphere changes the way the sunrays reach the earth. In most cases the effects of this development are either too much cooling or warming which affects the normal existing ecosystems. Also, we should note that the size of the world’s orbit as well as the point of its tilting bloc affects the extent of heat getting to the atmosphere. 

Man-made activities have a part in the changing climate. For example, deforestation leads to a reduction of trees and vegetation which are water catchment areas. Therefore, such areas desist from attracting rains which in turn changes the normal climatic patterns to unpredictable and worse conditions. In addition accidents like forest fires also affect the natural ecosystems of a region which leave such places vulnerable to hazardous events like droughts .Further, landfills caused by mining and construction activities, as well as garbage dumping holes, affect the natural land formations .Hence, all these activities in one way or another have contributed to climate changes worldwide. 

The Effects of climate change (Transformation) 

There exists diversity for the range of effects of climate change. The particular specifications related to the distresses of persons, societies, and governments depend at the extent to which the stakeholders have been affected. This can be in disease control, food production, infrastructure, and development and disease control. The Climate change phenomenon has already stated transforming life on the planet. Around the world we have experienced, shifting seasons, increase in temperatures and rising sea levels .Despite this, the earth has to sustain all the living things inhabiting in the surface with food, water, shelter and fresh air. 

For example, a hotter climate may lead to cold days which affect the variability of temperatures .On the other hand; warmer climate leads to more hot days which increase the variation of temperature distribution or both. Climate change has already had a significant impact on economies, ecosystems and communities. The rising temperatures do not imply that people will experience warm winters. Contrary some regions shall experience very warm temperatures while others shall experience very cold weathers. 

Climate change leads to rising sea levels and strong storms. Extreme weather changes may result from the interactions of two different geophysical phenomena. For example, there can be events of moderate storms which may coincide with adverse spring tides which may lead to catastrophic storms and floods as in the case in the UK about 500 years ago which displaced and killed many people. This is because changes in climate patterns alter the frequency of dangerous gushes leading to the gradual increase of sea levels causing floods.in recent times, countries like Indonesia have faced huge storms which have caused displacement and disruption of the ordinary lives of the citizens. Such affects the people living in the different coastal regions worldwide. 

Currently, part of the Arctic region has been affected by the high temperatures causing the snow present in the regions to melt away .Furthermore, the worldwide glaciers, ice sheets, and ice sea have started melting away in a process referred to as glaciation. 

The presence of freezing rain falls (rain which falls at a surface below the freezing layers,), snow, hail or too much precipitation causes damage to the existing ecosystems. On the other hand, the absence of precipitation alongside high evapotranspiration from the soil has caused droughts in various areas which were formally productive .Furthermore, high surface winds are associated with the way storm circulations are structured. Each type of storm is made up the high intensity, large sizes, and more speed. There have been instances of the most damaging tropical cyclones and middle latitude extra tropical cyclones .These generate pressure and wind anomalies lead to coastal flooding and intense wave actions 

Increased risk of drought and fire Persistent decreases in precipitation or the dropping of residual snows and ice melting or cases of high evapotranspiration due to high temperatures often intensified by human activities of extracting groundwater. The gradual decline of groundwater production has led to the disappearance of water sources which eventually leads to high drought instances. Such droughts may cause fires especially in forests and areas with dense vegetation. 

As a result of flooding, the excess water it becomes easier for landslides to submerge in the water. High groundwater levels because washing away of soli rich in nutrients needed for plant growth. Further, the water reduces soil moisture which intensifies the heat waves produced thus making the earth be very warm. 

However on the positive side flooding due to climate changes accompanied by hurricanes and monsoons may be beneficial to the human beings in that it enables them to store water in the man-made reservoirs, sustaining periodic agriculture and lessening the hot summer states in the dry zones. 

More heat-related illnesses and diseases: People are likely to be exposed to ultra violet rays which are harmful to their health. For instance, they can result in diseases like skin cancer which does not have a cure yet. On the other hand, cold weather can cause illnesses like pneumonia which results too many deaths in case of late detection. 

Economic loses is another effect of climate change. In instances of hazardous climatic changes, individuals may use a lot of money to counter the impacts of the shifting weather. For instance, they can be displaced from their current residences due to conditions like floods, droughts, tropical cyclones and storms .Nonetheless, governments can also spend money set aside for developments to assist people facing hunger, homelessness, diseases among other problems.to sum it up, and climatic changes have a strain on the economic situation in people or the leadership ( Mach, & Mastrandrea, 2014) 

Changes in the climate have affected landscapes. For example, due to floods, normal land may cause mudslides hence affecting its natural appearance. Furthermore, green lands may become dusty and sandy because of strong winds and adverse droughts. 

Future effects of climate change 

The change shall carry on in the current era and in the future. The worldwide weather change is expected to continue impacting the human and natural habitats over and beyond the century. The extent of typical weather changes in the next decades solely depends on the extent of heat which is trapped in the atmosphere due to the greenhouse phenomenon. Further, the effects can be measured depending on the sensitivity of the earth’s climate to such changes due to gas emissions. 

The average temperatures are anticipated to continue rising. This is because the continuous human activities for instance industrial actions, use of fossil fuels and its products, use of chemical fertilizers among others , are an addition to the warming of the earth .Hence , there shall be varying temperatures across the various regions at all times. 

There shall also be more changes in the precipitation pattern. For instance in the current situation, some regions have experienced high whereas some have had low precipitation rates .For instance, there is an anticipated increase in the winter and summer seasons in the northern USA and a lesser amount of in its southern parts. Moreover, the precipitation rates are likely to increase shortly. 

Droughts and heat waves shall be more intense .For example; there will be periods of abnormally high and low temperatures. Additionally, storms and hurricanes will be more disastrous and are anticipated to occur frequently. Additionally, the intensity of rainfall during such storms will increase dramatically. 

To add on that high tides and storm swells will eventually combine with rising sea levels and landslides to increase flooding in different regions which have not experienced such a condition in the present. This can be attributed to the fact that the sea levels will continue rising as the oceans shall take a longer time to react to the warming conditions of the sea bed .Therefore, the levels are expected to rise notwithstanding the fact that the levels will be either equal or higher to the current ones. 

Finally, the Arctic region is likely to become free from the massive chunks of ice covering the regions. Also, the glaciers, ice seas, and ice sheets found throughout the world are likely to disappear because of melting due to the presence of high temperatures. 

Vulnerability to climate changes 

Being vulnerable to climate change talk about to the physical social and economic aspects to which systems have been exposed, their adaptively and sensitive approach .Researchers in this field have used the terms exposure, sensitivity and adapting capacity to define vulnerability. 

Exposure refers to the degree of climate stress in a region .This may be the long-term changes in the climate or the variability in the changes including the frequency and magnitude of its extremes.in exposure, two factors are considered (Mach, & Mastrandrea, 2014). First, the things affected by shifting weather patterns for example people, resources, property among others. Likewise, the change in the climate itself for example rise in sea levels, temperature and precipitation changes. 

Sensitivity determines which livelihoods are most vulnerable to different types of climatic changes and as a result, its biophysical effect of the climate changes. However, it can be changed by the socio economic aspects .For example, the introduction of a new variety of crops which can be sustained by the current climate. 

Adaptive capability is the potentiality of systems to adjust to changes in the climate including its variability and extremeness. This serves to moderate the possible reparations, deal with the effects and take advantage of opportunities as a result of the climate shifts. Hence, this refers to people’s ability to become accustomed to the consequences of climate variations. There are seven factors which determine the adaptive capacity of a system. These include the education levels, wealth, information available, technology, institutions, social capital and infrastructure. However, it has been noted that even though systems may be considered as being highly exposed or sensitive to climate change, this does not make it vulnerable. This can be attributed to the fact that neither exposure nor sensitivity accounts for a systems ability to adapt to the climatic changes. On the other hand, vulnerability can be assessed after adaptation has taken place. 

In general, vulnerability affects various aspects of people livelihoods especially agriculture and health. For instance in agriculture, the changes are expected to affect the sector in various ways through its increased variability with regards to rainfall, temperature ,the intensity and frequency of the extreme weather occasions ,different rain and the availability of water in the ecosystems .These will affect agricultural performance where some areas will experience high production whereas others will experience decreased production in other regions because of the geographical changes in the world. 

In health, many diseases are expected to develop as a result the climatic changes. For example, many people are prone to skin cancer due to the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. Furthermore, high temperatures can cause to suffer from heat strokes or quickly lose consciousness. Still, due to conditions like floods individuals are vulnerable to, diseases such as cholera, bilharzia, and malaria in the tropical countries. 

The concept of climate change vulnerability has been reviewed by various researchers. The different ideas of the causes and characteristics of vulnerability lead to different knowledge thus result to diverse emphases of the strategies which can be used to reduce this condition. Moreover, these can be quite confusing in this era where many researchers come together to come up with ways to prevent further adverse impacts of climate changes. 

There are two type of vulnerability .first, we have outcome vulnerability also known as the end point interpretation. This considers this condition as the potential effects of climate changes on a particular unit of exposure, which can either be social or biophysical after feasibility adaptations have been taken into consideration. They result coping and adapting. 

The approach is based on natural and future climate changes. It focuses on the biophysical changes in well-defined or closed systems. Here, the boundaries between the society and nature are drawn, and the outcome can be measured and quantified. This type of vulnerability is resolute by the adaptive capability of the various system .Though, more emphases are given to the biophysical components of the title role, and the elements of the socio-economic activities of a system are rather discriminated .In general, the vulnerable systems are thought to be those that undergo significant physical changes. 

Therefore, most studies that apply this method usually use technological solutions as an opportunity for adjusting and mitigation strategies so as minimize the specific impacts of weather changes. Such studies on agricultural production, for instance, using of different seedlings to plant crops, water management or methods used for production. 

Contextual vulnerability also known as starting point interpretation considers vulnerability as the current inability of a system to adapt to the changing climatic conditions. Hence, the approach is influenced by the shifting biophysical, political, social, dynamic, institutional, educational and technological components and processes. Here, the approach is seen as a representative of the ecological and social systems which are influenced by different factors and techniques. 

Scientifically, the approach concentrates on the ongoing socio-economic factors, for instance, the institutional and socio-economic conditions (Change, 2007). Particular factors can cause an increase or reduction of a systems vulnerability for instance food and resource privileges, marginalization, inequalities, politics, economics, and the strength and presence of institutions. 

Thus, this approach explicitly recognizes that being vulnerable to climate change is not because of biophysical events but rather is swayed by the socio-economic circumstances where climate change occurs. Society and nature are often termed as joint elements of the similar situation. For example, robust social environs relations is anticipated, and the boundaries between society and nature are not clearly drawn. The current exposure to climatic incentives regulates the adopting capability of a structure, and it not only modifies the biophysical conditions but also the situation in which the changes occur. 

Hence, in developing countries, complete social, economic and environmental vulnerability increases the effects of droughts and other climate change scenarios. Poverty, overpopulation (in relation to incomes, current productivity, and natural resources) and land degradation leads to a poor adaptive capacity to face other crises. For instance, underprivileged people have no insurance against income loses. Furthermore, weak financial structures results to hard times in maintaining jobs during economic letdowns. 

Thereby, such regions have a problem in facing climatic hazards despite them being recurrent. The extreme climatic occurrences can become social catastrophes if combined with the social political characteristics of a region. For instance, wars and droughts in Syria combine to increase the adversity of their effects respectively .Even though developing countries are more vulnerable to climatic shifts than developed countries, the extent of being vulnerable is different in the various places. 

Research on the proportional adaptive capacity and vulnerability is developing, and its problems are well- documented .Assessments of adaptive capacity is inclined on principles such as the positions which are given to highly managed systems for example agriculture. Those given more resources are expected to adapt quickly at a lower cost than the less accomplished systems. 

Resilience 

This is the capability of a structure, and its mechanisms measures to expect, accommodate, cope and recuperate from various events in a timely and efficient manner .this can be achieved through ensuring the preservation, improvement, and restoration of the existing basic necessary functions and structures. This term is used in studying disaster management, and it originates from the engineering and psychological field. 

Even though the term is widely used in the disaster risk management areas and adoption, resilience is subject to various interpretations and accepting from the systems as a concept. For instance, this term is used to refer to circumstances at any point in the risk continuum or sequence which are present before or after the effects of climate change (Jabareen, 2013). Additionally, some researchers consider the terms exposure and adaptive ability as actuality appropriate in clarifying the differences between attainments and letdowns which are experienced in diverse regions hence aversely using the term. Using this concluding design, vulnerability may affect the way areas suffer losses or success at the same time hampering their recovery. Nonetheless, capacity building can change the unreceptive balances and aid to the development of better sustainable activities and reduce the disaster risks. 

Prior notions of resilience as bouncing back to its relative concept of coping 

The concept emphasizes a return to the previous position or the marginally acceptable level, for example, surviving contrary to creating a recurrent procedure that results in progressive better conditions, for instance, bouncing forward and eventually successful. 

Most governments have come up with mechanisms which prepare people for climate change and its effects, Furthermore, they teach the citizens how to accommodate such situations .for instance, in times of floods, people have been instructed to move to higher grounds or relocate from places prone to high storms .If the citizens are unfortunately affected directly by the hazards, they are given aid and counseling to help them move on with their normal lives. 

Nevertheless, the self-motivated and every so often unclear effects of weather variations , as well as current long-lasting developments for vulnerable and hazardous profiles, highlight the fact that ‘bouncing back’ is becoming a not enough goal in the fight against climatic disasters. For instance, the new ideas of being resilient in the social –ecological systems focus more on the processes than the effects. This includes the ability to learn, be self-organized and adapt to a change with time. 

Risks of climate variations 

Many people do not recognize the concept of environment changes. This is because the issue does not directly affect people but rather it has had an impact on various regions, hence not all people have experienced its consequences ( Field, 2012) For instance, most people, especially the literate have no clue of what it is, and even some of the educated individuals need a lot of explaining to finally understand the concept. The risks include one being exposed and vulnerable to the effects of weather changes. 

Hence, climate transformation is one of the biggest dangers facing the globe. With time, more awareness has been initiated by the various governments and organizations to educate people about the impending danger we all are in due to the climatic conditions which have practically changed the way the normal weather patterns operate in the recent years. 

It’s important to note that there have been improvements aimed at ensuring that the risks associated with climate change and that measures have been taken to manage and prevent the crisis. For instance, we have the disaster risk management projects which have been developed starting from the UN EP to countries respectively. This is discussed below. 

Disaster risk management 

These are the processes used for designing, evaluating and implementing strategies, measures and policies with the aim of improving the understanding of the disaster risks, foster the reduction of disaster risks alongside promoting and transferring continuous improvements in the catastrophe preparedness, responses, and the recovery practices. The purpose of this is to increase the security of the human beings, their well-being, and better value of life and enhance ecological growth. 

The concept of disaster risk management emphasizes on the disasters and the risks associated with them in different intensities and levels (Moritz , & Agudo, 2013). This means that the concept is not restricted to a guide in managing the risk factors caused by the adverse climate changes .However, it includes the abstract outline which describes and anticipates the involvement of the general diverse patterns, levels of exposure, vulnerability, and hazards which can lead to disaster. For instance, there’s a concern about management of disasters which are associated with more small-scale phenomena which are not that extreme .This can be used to the increase of exposures and vulnerability. Adverse risk controlling is separated into two modules which include disaster management and disaster risk mitigation. 

Disaster risk reduction is a set objective with well-defined action plan that is applied in anticipation for imminent climatic change consequences which may affect people and other elements in the world. It aims at reducing the existing exposure rates, and resilience implemented by various organizations or governments to curb dire climate changes. The process involves measures to lessen the exposure of people, the different means of support, and assets besides making sure the correct use ecological management of water, land and other environmental constituents. 

The procedure emphasizes on the worldwide concepts and strategic plans involved in the deliberation of decreasing climate disasters for example floods, droughts, too much sun or freezing winters. Also, it includes activities carried out before the climate change effects take place, or during instances when reconstructing and recovering processes anticipate the occurrence of more disasters. The United Nations Environmental program indicates that there exists a strong relationship between the risks and reduction of disasters. Further, improvement and development planning is recognized and endorsed predominantly in various developing countries. 

Disaster management are the societal methods for planning, evaluating ,implementing measures, and policies which are intended to improve disaster preparedness, responses and rescue processes at diverse societal and organizational levels. Once the catastrophe has been identified as an immediate threat, funds and other mechanisms are put in place to react before and during the disaster (Kelman, & Mercer 2015). For instance, governments in collaboration with metrological departments take the initiative of giving people early warnings through various technological media, contingency planning, and emergency responses. These serve to support critical human needs under severe stress conditions and gradual recovery. This is an important aspect in combating climate changes because the existence of disastrous risks and ongoing disaster reduction measures have not completely mitigated (prevented) the effects of climate shifting. 

Further, due to the growing hazardous effects of climate change, most governments have invested massive finances for disaster responses and recovery. In the current scenario, the practice of transferring risks has received renowned interests among people and governments at large. Risk transfer involves shifting the economic costs of specific risks commencing one region to a new one .Furthermore, the people, enterprises community or state authority shall receive resources from other groups in exchange for the ongoing compensation of financial benefits given to the other party. 

The components of disaster risk transfer comprise of disaster risk education and disaster management. For example, financial aid is given to people after a catastrophe takes place. On the other hand, the fair use of insurance premiums encourages and inspires the application of disaster reduction initiatives for the components which have been insured against. 

The notion of the disaster controlling sequence was introduced during periods subjugated by concerns of catastrophe management. It depicted the components and sequences of the management. Also, it considered preparation, recovery emergency, and re-establishment .Moreover, it comprised of catastrophe mitigation alongside prevention as being the modules of calamity managing. 

The ongoing advancement of the strategies that approve for adverse hazard reduction aims, goals and ideas as elements of improved preparation procedures. This is contrary to the controlling techniques viewed as a purpose of civil defense, security, services crisis and labor departments. The evolution has indeed retained the former alternative or catastrophe reaction concerned with organizational and institutional actions put in place to manage the impacts of climate change. This has been enhanced due to the increasing corporation between the economic and social sector as well as the territorial development agencies and finally the various finance and planning ministries. 

Measures to curb the effects of weather shifting 

Adaptations to weather change 

This denotes to the process of actually adjusting to the anticipated climate patterns and their effects (Park, 2012) this aims at moderating the harm and exploiting the beneficial opportunities arising from the weather changes. In natural settings, this is described as a way of regulating the actual climate and its effects. This can be achieved mainly through human intervention. Moreover, research states that human involvement provides chances which promote the existence of natural climates and the anticipated future effects. 

Disaster risk management and the shifting climate adoption by individuals are the moderations taken by persons so as to make better and develop sustainable solutions to the society and anticipate how to come up with other techniques to quickly adapt to the situation. In the case of natural ecosystems, for instance, some species of plants have the potential of appropriately being resilient to certain climatic conditions which have made them survive since the inception of climatic changes. In the natural habitats, such vegetation for instance trees withstands harsh windy conditions expected in a time span of 10 to 50 years. 

In the human habitats, communities have since time been accustomed to changes in the climatic conditions even though they were not that strong. In instances of drought or naturally dry areas, the people have come up with ways to get water. For example, digging of boreholes, wells dams, harvesting, applying irrigation systems or in cases of advanced governments; there is transportation of water through pipes from areas of high water living in houses which have high temperatures or regions generally experiencing high temperatures, for example, the coastal areas have employed the construction of houses with thick walls and narrow highways. 

Also, they have adjusted impassive cooling mechanisms, adapted to the lifestyles or embraced the use of air conditioning although it’s an expensive venture to poor people as it’s an added expense ( McEvoy, & Bosomworth 2013). In areas used to such heat waves, this is necessary. Lack of these mechanisms is dangerous to the elderly and sick people as in the case of Paris, France in 2003 and in the state of California in the USA in the year 2009 where the people died of high temperatures respectively. 

In areas with high tropical cyclonic activities, for example, the Guam Island, houses are constructed in such a way that they can withstand the strong windy conditions. The buildings are expected to hold out to wind speeds of approximately 76ms which occur after a few decades. 

Conclusion 

Climate change is the variation of the climatic or weather patterns as a result of natural and man-made activities. These include activities like volcanic eruptions which release sulfate elements to the atmosphere .Also, human actions for instance burning of fossil fuels and it following products, industrial production, use of automobiles and deforestation are among the leading sources of weather changes. As a result of all these, a carbon dioxide layer forms in the air which hinders the passage of warmth from the sun to the earth surface making the earth have high temperatures. The causes of climate change include: high temperatures, use of chemical fertilizers, sunspots, there are various negative results of this phenomenon. These include; high temperatures, economic losses, illnesses and diseases, storms, floods, droughts, high sea levels and landslides. These effects are expected to be extreme in future due to an increase in the overall intensities .there have been issues raised concerning climate change for instance exposure, vulnerability, adaption, resilience and how their contribution determines the whole study and understanding of climate changes. Since the effects are expected to be adverse with time, people in collaboration with governments and the respective environmental organizations need to come up with methods to adapt to the changes as the crisis cannot be prevented. 

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