Global Ethics Theorists
Ethics can be defined as a system of moral principles. Ethics affect how we make decisions and leave our lives. Ethics deals with what is good for people and society and is also known as moral philosophy. People derive the concept of ethics from philosophies, cultures, and religions. Ethics addresses various dilemmas such as how to live a quality life, rights, and responsibilities, the demarcation of right and wrong and moral decisions- what is good and bad? The article covers the contribution of various theorist in the field of ethics and how they relate to the case studies provided.
Reply I
The best theorist that best supports Paige’s response on how to utilize the $100,000 is John Stuart Mill's theory of utilitarianism or happiness theory. Mill’s theory is very significant in American healthcare ethics because it can be employed for cost-benefit analysis. For Mill, good results in utility (benefit) and or avoid danger. Utilitarianism involves doing the greatest good for the greatest number. Unitarianism majors on the consequences and the ultimate reason for an act instead of the motivation of the actor, the character of the actor, or particular circumstances surrounding the act. Therefore, by expanding the children's immunization program, the most significant number of people will benefit from the program.
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The best theorist that describes Michael’s response is Immanuel Kant’s theory of deontological ethics. According to Kant, the central aspect that bestows a moral action weight is not the outcome accomplished by the action, but the intentions for the act committed. The philosophy emphasizes the link between duty and the morality of human deeds. According to Michael, using the money to train staff in patient-centered care and cultural competency is vital for the long term benefit of ensuring quality care to patients. Though the motive seems good, however, it appears selfish because the only true good is good will. All humans have worth, and focusing on training staff alone to deliver quality care seems to be using them for the sole purpose of accomplishing organizational or societal goals.
For Daniel, the theorist that best describes her response is John Rawls theory of justice. Rawls provides hypothetical scenarios that he referred to as the original position and veil of ignorance. If every person were caught in these scenarios, they would establish regulations to exist in a just society. These regulations would establish a societal contract. The social contract comprises of fundamental human rights and safeguarding individuals in lesser positions. Therefore, Daniel’s proposition of using the money to boost the non-insured reserve fund will ensure all people receive quality care. Hence, a person is not denied the fundamental right such as health due to his/her economic status ensuring health delivery to all people.
Reply II
Replying to Michael, he can still advocate for his profession and still uphold his motivation for providing patient-centred care. However, providing patient-centred care and ethics is no enough duty as a health administrator. As an administrator, you must also show how working at the hospital is exciting, which implies reasoning beyond just ethics and patient care benefit. Also, as an administrator, she should ensure that employees feel attached to the hospital and have a passion for working in the hospital. According to Martin Buber, ethics involves relationships and establishes a hierarchy ranging from the lowest to the highest. In the I-You relationship, people are whole beings, have ideas, and ought to be respected. Hence, Michael should be flexible to incorporate ideas of other staff members and should not see people as properties to achieve organizational tools.
Replying to Daniella the power of governing resources and people by HCA’s is not adequate to convince people to be major in the field of HCA. Ethical practices in healthcare are important, especially patient-centred care. Patient-centred-care ensures patient autonomy is respected. Virtue as an HA is important in practice. Aristotle, in his theory, majored on the concept of virtue. And virtue is more about action rather than discussion. The principles of Aristotle theory are virtue, practical wisdom, and eudaimonia (happiness). Hence as an administrator, Daniella should have practical wisdom and Eudaimonia and not only oriented to external rewards. Hence you can still uphold your theory of justice but also put Aristotle’s theory in practice.
Replying to Paige, it is good, to be honest on the roles that HCA's have in making choices that assist patients and society. Besides, including factors that need to be addressed to improve quality care delivery to patients. As an HCA, one should practice beneficence, which implies conducting oneself with kindness and charity. Your moral reasoning resounds with Lawrence Kohlberg theory on the development of moral reasoning. Because lying on the roles and challenges faced by HCA’s would be of immoral ethics. Kohlberg’s theory is based on three levels, pre-moral (about an individual), externally controlled morals (rules by others), and principal morals (ruled by a higher authority). Not everybody understands ethics the same way; hence, Kohlberg's theory aids us to comprehend people and what they do. Hence, Paige can still stick to her utilitarianism theory without caving into the views of others.
