The three enduring features that the English heritage contributed to American policing include limited police authority, decentralized and fragmented police systems, and a tradition of local control of law enforcement agencies. The tradition of limited police control ensures that individual liberty values and government authority are upheld. On the other hand, decentralized and fragmented police systems ensure minimal coordination of law enforcement agencies so that police will have more alternatives to focus more on crime; the emphasis is to prevent societal problems. Lastly, the tradition of local control of law enforcement agencies is centralized so that policing is more reactive to respond to crime instances to achieve its goals. It is like community policing, whose focus is to create strong mutual trust relationships between the agency and the community to maintain public safety.
The police professionalization movement had an agenda of defining policies as a profession and raising standards of policing. Its main goals are to eliminate political influence and hire qualified persons who could ensure accountability, legitimacy, and innovation toward the profession of policing (Sklansky, 2011). The movement wished to accomplish a persistent pull of police professionalism that is jam-packed with accountability, oversight, and integrity. For most of the 20th century, the police professionalism movement has employed reform law enforcement efforts to improve policing (Sklansky, 2011). At its core, suppressing crime subjectively from political influence has been centralized and rationalized. It broadened its focus to consulting and cooperating with the public to help shape ideas about policing's best practices.
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The three different types of state law enforcement agencies are military police, state police department of the highway patrol and investigations bureau. The military police are law enforcement agencies responsible for protecting people's lives and property by enforcing military laws and regulations. They also control crimes and respond to threats of terrorism. The officials are equipped with strategies and practices of public security to their full potential, enabling them to respond to all emergencies. The state department of highway patrol agency helps to monitor and enforce safety on federal and state highways. They are responsible for responding to emergencies, checking speed of vehicles, and assisting the local law enforcement in responding to any threat. The bureau of investigation is a detective agency that usually investigates civil and criminal cases, particularly the state and multiple jurisdictions.
Private police organizations differ from public police because of the four major characteristics. These features include enforcing private employers' rules and regulations, preventing, detecting, and reporting criminal acts (Shearing, 1992). Private organizations provide policing/security services for profit; they are inoffensive individuals employed for simple preventive tasks such as self-defense. Many times, public police are paid by private police organizations on contracts to offer specific services. The public police are on duty to maintain law and order, but they can be paid at the agency level by a private client. The distribution of policing within the private sector is apprised to ensure that public safety is not undermined (Shearing, 1992). They make a useful contribution to the American economy. For this reason, they are regarded as a junior partner in policing who are working to help senior partners keep the peace. More than engaging in self-defense, private police are construed as employees who provide security than the public servants in the public police sector.
References
Shearing, C. D. (1992). The relation between public and private policing. Crime and justice , 15 , 399-434.
Sklansky, D. A. (2011). The persistent pull of police professionalism . Harvard Kennedy School Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management.
