Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that weakens the bones and makes bones brittle, making the bones easy to fracture at the slightest twist or bending. The most weakened bones are the spine, hip and wrist bones. The weakening of the bone occurs due to a lack of replacement of the bones that have been broken down. Osteoporosis occur in two forms, primary and secondary osteoporosis. The primary type commonly affects females. Primary osteoporosis is caused by a decline in estrogen levels in the body among older women. This type is known as postmenopausal osteoporosis. Senile osteoporosis, on the other hand, is caused by wearing of old bones without adequate replacement and is common among people aged 70 and above (Priyanka, 2017)Secondary osteoporosis results from medical conditions such as kidney failure, liver infections, scurvy among other conditions and medications that prevent the body from attaining adequate bone mass. It may also occur as a result of a disorder where the bone marrow cavity expands, thus preventing the trabecular bone from growing.
Osteoporosis can be treated through the taking of prescribed bi-phosphonates. They include alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, and zoledronic acid. Besides, the estrogen hormone can be replaced with raloxifene, which increases bone mass, thus preventing fractures.
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Alternative treatments include adequate exercise and lifestyle changes such as taking a balanced diet and food like red clover and soy and avoiding alcohol and smoking. Taking less food is also associated with the weakening of the bones. Therefore, it is advisable to take adequate food and not excess as excess weight can also lead to bone fractures. Secondary osteoporosis is treated through treating the underlying conditions that have caused the weakening of bones.
Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a chronic condition whose symptoms are stiffness, the muscles become tender, pain in the tendons and joints. The patient feels tired, sleepless, anxious, and low mood and experiences stomach discomfort. The pain may be acute or chronic or both. FMS alters a person’s quality of life due to the inability to perform in the workplace and other routine tasks.
FMS is an inherited disorder. Fibromyalgia moves from one family member to another, and thus there are genetic mutations that make people prone to the syndrome. Also, there are infections and other disorders such as osteoarthritis or lupus associated with Fibromyalgia disorder. Physical or emotional trauma may lead to the symptoms of FMS.
The disorder can be treated through medications and therapy. The medicines relieve pain associated with the FMS and improve mood and sleep. Pain killers such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen, among others, help in relieving pain. Antidepressants relieve pain and improve sleep. Anti-seizure drugs that are used in the treatment of epilepsy and pregabalin relieve the symptoms of FMS. Duloxetine is useful in controlling depression and anxiety in patients suffering from FMS (Russell, 2019). Those that benefit from the medication are 50-70% (Russell, 2019). It is, therefore, important to use other methods of treatment.
Alternative treatment of FMS includes physical therapy, occupational therapy, and attending counseling sessions. Physical exercises improve blood flow in the body, making one active, thus improving mood. Occupational therapy is important in that necessary adjustments can help in stress reduction in the workplace. Consulting a counselor helps gain strategies on how to handle stressful situations.
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by scales in the skin and reddening of the skin. Sometimes the scales may crack and bleed. Normally the skin cells are found deep in the skin, grow and surface and later fall off this takes around 30 days. Those who have psoriasis their cells are produced within a few days. As a result, they accumulate because the older skin cells have not fallen out of the skin. The skin cells’ accumulation leads to scales that mostly appear on hands, feet, face, joints, or any other part of the body.
Genetic mutations and the immune system cause psoriasis disease. The disease is autoimmune in that the body attacks itself. The skin cells are attacked by the T cells in the body resulting in the inflammation. The work of the White Blood Cells is to fight bacteria and infections. When they attack the skin cells, the skin produces more cells to replace those killed by the attack. The excess skin cells appear on the skin leading to the scales. The attack leads to inflammation and reddening of the skin, a disease known as psoriasis. Inherited genes can also expose people to psoriasis disease.
The disease can be treated using various medications depending on the person and the area affected. One of the commonly used medicines to treat psoriasis is corticosteroids. This is used for patients who have mild and moderate psoriasis disease symptoms. The medicine slows the immune system, thus protecting the skin cells from white blood cell attack (Dutta Chawla &Kumar, 2018). Vitamin D analogs like calcipotriene are useful in the long-term treatment of the disease as they prevent cell differentiation, thus reducing excessive skin cell production. Other medications include coal tar, retinoid, cyclosporine, and methotrexate, among others.
Alternative treatment for patients who do not respond well to the medication is phototherapy. This is especially applicable to patients whose skin has been affected largely by the disease. Other alternative treatment includes biologics and IL-23 and IL-12 inhibitors.
Skin cancer
Cancers develop due to damaged DNA, and the body cannot recover the damage. The cells are damaged and start growing and dividing abnormally, and the body cannot control their abnormal growth. The damaged cells grow and multiply to resulting in a tumor. When this happens in the skin, the skin develops cancer in its layers, mainly the epidermis layer. The development of skin cancer occurs differently from one skin type to another. Heredity also plays contributes in some of the skin cancer developing.
The main causative agent of skin cancer is too much exposure to sun rays. Ultraviolet rays produced by the sun harm the skin and destroys the DNA. The body cannot recover from this destruction because the genes undergo mutation, and cells start growing and actively dividing uncontrollably (Qadir, 2016). The hereditary factor also contributes to the of skin cancer developing more. The Melanoma type of skin cancer occurs as a result of CDKN2A gene mutation in chromosome 9. The cancer is passed from parents with gene mutations to their children. Excess exposure to sunrays and genetic mutations are the common causative agents of skin cancer.
It can be treated in several ways. There are various types of tumors, and therefore the treatment depends on the type of the tumor, the age of the patient, and the affected part of the body. A basal cell carcinoma (BCC) skin cancer can be treated through excisional surgery. In this case, the doctor removes cancerous tissues and the area around it of the healthy skin surface. Chemotherapy is also a method that can be used to treat skin cancer, especially if it is the BCC that has affected a large area. Anti-cancer medications can be issued to the patients. Cancer limited to the skin’s top layer is treated by the application of creams with anti-cancer agents.
Alternative treatment includes taking foods rich in vitamin C, iodine, and also eggplant. Also, there is freezing. In this case, a doctor should prevent development of actinic keratoses and early skin cancers through liquid nitrogen freezing.
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)
MODS is a hypometabolic disease characterized by the failure of two or more body organs. Organ dysfunction cannot be reversed. Most patients suffering from acute illnesses end up suffering from the MODS during the illnesses’ late stages.
The etiology of the multiple organ dysfunction syndromes is not well-known, but all the diseases that affect the body tissues can cause the MODS. The common cause of MODS is sepsis. Other causes are major traumas, major surgeries, burns, blood transfusions, and poisons. A person’s genetics may also cause organs failure. Some medications and therapies may weaken the body organs, making them dysfunctional.
MODS is hard to treat because its escalation is quick, and it easily leads to death. Detecting the syndrome at the early stages is of importance in preventing its escalation. MODS can be treated by identifying and treating other diseases that may lead to organ dysfunction, increasing perfusion through resuscitating body fluids, caring for the organs, and maintenance of fluid homeostasis (Nickson, 2019). Preventing the MODS is better than treating it because it is fatal. The doctors should ensure that patients suffering from other diseases have a balanced fluid chart and regularly test the patient’s blood to detect the MODS and treat it at the early stages. When the MODS progresses, the organs fail to function completely, and this kills 80 to ninety percent of the ICU patients. It is thus important to put measures in place to recognize the failure early for effective treatment.
Alternative treatment options include the transplant of bone marrows. This is because, at times, MODS is associated with bone marrow disorder (Mayhood, 2019). Also, in lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), it can be treated through chemotherapy, which kills the genes that cause the mutations.
References
Dutta, S., Chawla, S., & Kumar, S. (2018). Psoriasis: A Review of Existing Therapies and Recent Advances in Treatment.4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328138246
Nickson, C. (2019). Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. life in the Fastlane. https://litfl.com/multiple-organ-dysfunction-syndrome/
Priyanka k, Amoldeep, Neetu. 2017. Overview of Osteoporosis. Ortho & Rheum Open Access; 5(5): 555673. DOI: 10.19080/ OROAJ.2017.05.555673
Qadir, M. (2016). Skin cancer: Etiology and management. Pakistan Journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 29 . 999-1003 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303879722
Rendon, Adriana & Schakel, Knut. (2019). Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment. International journal of molecular sciences. 20.10.3390/ijms20061475.
Rusell, I. J. (2019). Management of pain in the Fibromyalgia Syndrome. Journal of Arthritis, 7(4). 1-11 doi:10.4172/2167-7921.1000273.
Mayhood, K. (2019, April 19). Targeting Therapies for Children With Multiple Organ Dysfunction . Retrieved from Pediatrics Nationwide.
