Environmental health focuses on some of the critical factors that are likely to contribute to exposure to the risk of diseases within the natural, social, cultural, and technological worlds. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 24% of the global disease burden, as well as, 23% of premature deaths are a direct result of environmental factors. Approximately 36% of deaths occurring for children between the age of 0 and 14 years result from a wide array of environmental factors. The global disease burden is changing at a rapid rate, with the focus shifting toward diseases that would traditionally have nonfatal outcomes, which include dementia and blindness. The world is still facing a significant challenge in dealing with emergent and infectious diseases, which are fast becoming critical issues of concern as part of public health. Some infectious diseases that include malaria, measles, and tetanus, among others, contribute to the death of 11 million children under the age of 5 years annually in developing countries. The adoption of strategies that include better nutrition, improved sanitation, and clean water may be sufficient in reducing the high number of deaths that are recorded annually. The shift towards conservation medicine is seen as a practical approach considering that this is an approach to health care that is focused on combining ecology and health care as a way of understanding how the environment is impacting human health. The world is also facing a key challenge in dealing with the issue of resistance to antibiotics and pesticides, which has become a vital issue of concern raising the alarm in public health today.
Toxicology is a study that focuses on trying to understand how external factors are likely to affect an organism or a system adversely. Toxics, which refer to poisons, are some of the essential chemicals that are likely to affect the normal functioning of an organism or system. Some of the critical external factors that are considered part of toxicology include environmental chemicals, drugs, diet, ionizing radiation, UV light, and electromagnetic forces. Toxins affect the human body in different ways hampering overall functionality irrespective of the fact that the body has mechanisms that have been put in place to help in dealing with the toxins, which include white blood cells. When seeking to understand how toxins affect the human body, it is essential to identify the type of toxin, as some may include allergens, neurotoxins, mutagens, teratogens, and carcinogens. Endocrine hormone disrupters have been identified as critical environmental health threats that are posing a severe challenge in promoting positive health outcomes, as they result in a situation where the functionality of hormones is affected significantly. Some of the underlying effects associated with hormone disrupters are that they create a challenge in areas of normal growth, development, and physiology within some of the animals. Toxins and hazardous chemicals can be found in a wide array of sources within the environment; thus, creating the need for having to establish a clear understanding of the causes. The adoption of proactive health approaches may be of great value for minimizing the effects associated with toxins to help in reducing the impacts that the toxins are having within the context of the human body.
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