Objectives of the study
The main focus of the study or research was to mitigate and reduce the identified risk factors which can result in disease.
To find out the level of prevention that interventions most effectively address.
The study also aimed to acknowledge the concept of risk. It was stated that to appreciate the idea of risk, then is vital for advanced nurse practice to recognize that health and disease do not randomly take place within the population.
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The study aimed at determining the impact of interventions on the quality of life.
Study design and findings
The study employed two designs: the case-control and the cohort designs. Each study design assessed individual traits and was very useful in establishing the relationship between exposure and outcome. For each study population, details regarding the exposure and the disease outcome were present. But, the risk estimates such as attributed risk, was not estimated using the case-control data, only the cohort data.
A case-control study involving patients with confirmed diagnoses of pancreatic cancer was carried out in 1981 to study cancer of the pancreas. Alongside, the controls were chosen from those patients that had been hospitalized simultaneously with the cases. It was found that there was a relationship between coffee consumption and cancer of the pancreas which resulted in upheaval within the public and medical literature (MacMahon,Yen, Trichopoulos, 1981) . Further study has illustrated that coffee consumption is not related to pancreatic cancer. Also, it was established that a third variable impacts the association between the two variables. For instance, many studies demonstrated that women always have worse outcomes compared to their men compatriots following coronary bypass surgery. To predict the in-hospital mortality after surgery, studies were done to assess the diameter of the mid-left anterior descending artery that related to the gender of patients and the body size. Authors asserted that smaller coronary arteries explain higher preoperative mortality with the CABG in women and smaller individuals. The diameter of the coronary artery was associated with both postoperative prognosis and gender. Concerning the probability; regardless of the P value, 0.05 decodes to a 5 percent chance that the relationship is because of pure possibility, and 0.01 decodes to a one percentage chances that the relationship is as a result of real likelihood (Tu et al., 2018). Lastly, a connection can typically be tolerated following the stated reasons have been disqualified.
A cohort study is always an essential means of establishing causal relationships. For instance, they frequently employed in epidemiology and can either be retrospective or perspective (Checkoway, Pearce & Kriebel, 2007). It involves a group of individuals who are exposed or those with a unique trait that is followed over time and compared to a group of people who had the specific exposure. If there is a real connection between the exposed feature and the disease, the percentage of a disease must be higher within the exposed group. In all of the epidemiology, the primary or basic mathematical evaluation comes down to fractions; cohorts are observational. One of the drawbacks of cohorts is that they must take place over longer time, attrition, cost, and confounding factors can affect the outcomes. However, it was suggested that cohorts are an effective means of determining a relationship between risk and disease prevention or development. Examples of the cohorts presented include “Framingham cardiovascular study that was established in 1948” (Kannel, 1990) and the nurses’ health which followed a large group of nurses; this was the largest single cohort of women that represented a pioneering epidemiological study.
The NCHS differentiates chronic disease as one that is not cured once gained. An acute state such as an illness or injury is a condition which lasts either three months or less. The chronic illnesses represent 70 percent of entire deaths in the United States that stands for 1.7 million deaths yearly (Tu et al., 2018). They also result in significant limitations in daily living for approximately 1 out of 10 people in America or roughly 25 million individuals. Hence, the bio-statistical and epidemiological data improve understanding and knowledge of the most prevalent chronic and acute illness condition for the entire age brackets. These data sets are essential in establishing strategies and mean to increase health awareness, making healthy lifestyle adjustments, and gather resources to minimize the risk or severity of both chronic and acute diseases (Tu et al., 2018). An evidence-based study is one of the means that are used in establishing cost-effective and sustainable evidence-based results affecting positive behavior change within the vulnerable and high-risk patient populations.
Personal opinion
An average reader may find it difficult to understand the information presented in the article since the information is not arranged systematically. For instance, one has to read them through to understand the objectives of the study. That is the only problem with the article; otherwise, this can influence thinking and decision making. All the relevant information concerning the topic under study is provided in details; no information is left out.
References
Checkoway, H., Pearce, N., & Kriebel, D. (2007). Selecting appropriate study designs to address specific research questions in occupational epidemiology. Occupational And Environmental Medicine , 64 (9), 633 638. doi: 10.1136/oem.2006.029967
Kannel, W. (1990). CHD risk factors: A Framingham study update. Hospital Practice , 25, 93-104.
Lee, H., Manns, B., Taub, K., Ghalie, W., Dean, S., Johnson, S., & Donaldson, C. (2002). Cost analysis of ongoing care of patient with end-stage renal disease: The impact of dialysis modality and dialysis access. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 40 (3), 611–622.
MacMahon, B., Yen, S., Trichopoulos, D. (1981). Coffee and cancer of the pancreas. New England Journal of Medicine,304, 630–633.
Tu, H., Wen, C., Tsai, S., Chow, W., Wen, C., & Ye, Y. et al. (2018). Cancer risk associated with chronic diseases and disease markers: prospective cohort study.
