Scientists have identified a link between depression and genetics. They have found that a chromosome 3p25-26, is most common in families with recurrent depression. They noted that 40% of those with depression have this particular chromosome. When it comes to brain chemistry, a chemical called, serotonin, also called the “feel good” chemical, allows communication between neurons in the brain. Scientists state that “It is possible that an imbalance in serotonin can lead to mood disorders and other issues such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic attacks” ( Is Depression Genetic or Environmental?, n.d.) . Therefore, both genetics and brain chemistry are independent when it comes to influencing an individual’s depression.
In the event that a client expresses fear of becoming addicted to medication when he or she starts taking it for depression, a clinician might respond in various ways. For instance, it could be that the fear is merely due to the client’s perception that the medicine will have a certain effect compared to what he or she is expecting. Therefore, it is better to explain the effect of the medicine and how it should and should not be used. If the client persists, one can advise consideration of other treatment approaches, which do not involve intake of any medication such as interpersonal or problem-solving therapy, among others (Larzelere, James & Arcuri, 2015).
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Taking cocaine is likely to increase the score meaning continued exposure to severe depressive symptoms. Therefore, it is important for the client to consider refraining from the use of cocaine and enroll into a therapeutic group or initiate a counseling relationship with a professional. The idea is to have the score reduce and not increase. The core concepts being operationalized in the CES-D inventory are that depression leads to diminished mood, feelings of worthless, a need to appeal to others, inability to concentrate, alongside other symptoms. Comparing the items in the CES-D inventory with those in the DSM-5, the core concepts of depression being addressed are such as feelings of worthlessness through such a question as “I thought my life had been a failure”, diminished ability to think in “ I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing”, and depressed mood as seen in “I was bothered by things that usually don’t bother me” or simple “I felt depressed”.
The severity of manic episodes determines whether one is experiencing bipolar 1 or bipolar 2.
References
Is Depression Genetic or Environmental? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/genetic
Larzelere, M., James, E. & Arcuri, M. (2015). Treating depression: What works besides meds? The Journal of Family Practice, 64 (8), 454-459.
