According to Ayantunde (2014), a significant proportion of patients visiting primary health care's report cases of neither abdominal symptoms resulting from functional gastrointestinal diseases which may not explain by neither bio-chemical nor abdominal symptoms. There are widely recognized gastrointestinal diseases such as Crohn's disease and peptic ulcer but the most known according to Oshima and Miwa (2015) are the irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia. From the existing literature, for instance, Oshima and Miwa (2015), it is seen that the prevalence of this disorders includes functional constipation, abdominal bloating, functional diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Studies done in Japan and the United States shows that there is no difference in prevalence of abdominal signs in between males and females. Some of these disorders can be managed by pharmaceutical medications and diet while conventional treatments can be used to moderate other gastrointestinal disorders.
This study will focus on the analysis of Crohn's diseases, peptic ulcers, Diverticulitis, and lactose intolerance. The motivation behind the selection of the two diseases comes from the interest developed in studying the extraintestinal disorders, their effects, prevalence, symptoms, and diagnosis.
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Crohn's conditions entail a spectrum of pathological and clinical patterns which manifests their signs through focal, transmural, granulomatous inflammation, and asymmetric inflammation and complications that have an adverse impact on the gastrointestinal tract. The complications of this disorder can neither be surgically nor medically be cured and therefore needs therapy techniques for improving life quality, maintaining control of symptoms, and minimizing of both long-term and short-term complications and toxicity (Hanauer and Sandborn, 2010). Surprisingly, the majority of patients suffering from this disorder seem to maintain their well-being in the long run despite the burden of therapy. The complication affects all groups of people with diagnosis phase being most common in young adults and teenagers.
Oshima and Miwa (2015) suggest that the clinical symptoms of Crohn's disorder include cachexia, pallor, perianal fissures, abdominal tenderness or mass, abscess, and fistulae. The onset of the infection is mostly internal, but the accompanying external signs may be revealed by inflammation of skin, eyes, and joint, while children retarded development or growth in characteristics of secondary sex (Hanauer and Sandborn, 2010). However, the disorder affects the colon and ileum mostly because of intestinal obstruction abscess, and inflammatory mass but it rarely affects the appendix. On the other hand, Oshima and Miwa (2015) notes that extraintestinal indications of the Chron’s disorder concerning inflammation of the intestines include peripheral arthritis, spondylarthritis, cutaneous manifestations, hypercoagulability, and ocular inflammation.
Oshima and Miwa (2015) indicates that diagnosis of the disease depends on a composite of radiographic, pathological, and endoscopic findings which documents the transmural, asymmetric, granulomatous, and focal features. In general the disease need to be considered to ill-health cases having abdominal pain, nocturnal diarrhea, weight loss, night sweats, and fever as noted by Hanauer and Sandborn (2010). However, the major diagnoses differentials entail idiopathic, irritable syndromes of the bowel and microscopic colitis. The appearance of fecal leukocytes shows intestinal inflammation. Also, the diagnosis should involve stool examination to determine enteric pathogens, parasites, and ova as suggested by (KEFALAS, 2013) .
According to Hanauer and Sandborn (2010), contrast radiography can be used to accomplish diagnosis of the disorder by confirming the intestinal complication and locations. The leukocyte scans on the radiolabeled discriminate between non-inflammatory and inflammatory features especially when discrepancies arises between structural studies and clinical symptoms. Accordingly, endoscopy may be used in confirming the disease diagnosis by assessing the location of the disorder and obtaining the diseased tissue for evaluation.
Kefalas (2013) claimed that there is no prospective and controlled treatment of the disease but it is intense suppression of acid containing a proton pump with the inhibitor can be used. Additionally, the treatment of peptic ulcer is sufficient to cure the Crohn's infections.
Factors that leads to the exacerbation of Crohn's complications include anti-inflammatory drugs which are nonsteroid, enteric infections such as smoking cigarettes, and intercurrent infections.
Peptic ulcers the most common ailment affecting about 50 percent of the globe's population (Mustafa, et al., 2015) . It is also known as stomach ulcer forms a disintegration in the small intestine or esophagus lining. According to Mustafa et al. (2015) the prevalence of peptic ulcer is higher in emerging nations with a 70 percent estimation while developed states indicate a 40 percent maximum ratio. Countries from western side indicate a roughly equal infection percentage showing 20 percent at 20years, 30 percent at 30 years, and 80 percent at 80 years (Mustafa, et al., 2015, p. 40) .
The disease is caused by Helicobacter pylori, bile-acids, alcohol, smoking, pepsin, fluctuation in gastric mucin, and steroids. Additionally, it is caused by liver cirrhosis, stomach and gall bladder inflammation, and coronary complications (Ayantunde, 2014) . The disease has lacked definite signs, but frequent ones include nausea, epigastric pain, bloating, flatulence, heartburn, and back pain.
Ayantunde (2014) notes that the primary causative Helicobacter pylori accounts for 60 percent of gastritis and leads to colonization of antral mucosa making the immune system of the body unable in clearing the infection despite the presence of antibodies. As a result, Mustafa, et al ., (2015) shows that gastritis is active chronic bacterium is formed, and it stimulates parietal cells to secrete the gastric acid which erodes the mucous lining and thus leading to the formation of ulcers. The Helicobacter Pylori is adaptive to the acidic environment hence it multiplies and results in more production of gastric acid.
Clinical manifestation of peptic ulcers includes bloating, abdominal pain, vomiting, weight and appetite loss melena, duodenal perforation, and peritonitis. Gastric ulcer gives epigastric pain at meal time because the production of gastric is increased when food enters the stomach as described by (Mustafa, et al., 2015) .
According to Ayantunde (2014), the mortality rate of this dangerous diseases remains constant at the rate of 6 to 14 percent over the decades despite the advancement in therapy and diagnosis. The reason behind this indications is that patients develop multiple co-morbid medical factors which make the prognosis less intense as the individual becomes older. Aditionally, Ayantunde (2014) claims that endoscopic hemostatic approaches are underused and also increased use of aspirin and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs are behind the poor performance of stomach ulcer diagnosis.
On treatment, Ayantunde (2014) argues that the therapy of peptic ulcer should concentrate on determining the cause, stopping the intestinal bleeding, and stabilizing the hemodynamic to prevent recurrence. The agents used in medical treatment of this complication include somatostatin, antifibrinolytic, and acid pressing medicines. On the hand, the proton pump inhibitors are used in managing acute cases of bleeding as illustrated by Kefalas (2013).
According to Amir and WhorWell (2009), lactose intolerance disorders results from malabsorption or maldigestion of the two carbohydrates that is fructose and lactose. This is because they belong to disaccharides class which cleaving of enzymes to their monosaccharide to facilitate absorption. The complication is prevalent and depends on variability in geographic location. The clinical symptoms include abdominal bloating, nausea, flatulence, and borborygmi and occur due to the inability of the complete breakdown of lactose to glucose and galactose (Amir and WhorWell, 2009).
This research paper will analyze the two gastrointestinal disorders discussed above basing on the causes, prevalence, diagnosis, treatments, and the distribution. The findings will assist in understanding how various groups of people are exposed to the digestive system complications and the role of technology in therapy, diagnosis, and treatment of this disorders.
References
Amir, A., & WhorWell, J. (2009). Lactose and Fructose Intolerance. Allergy Frontiers: Clinical Manifestations , 431-448.
Ayantunde, A. (2014). Current Opinions in Bleeding Peptic Ulcer Disease. Gastrointestinal & Digestive System, 4 (172), 1-10.
Hanauer, S., & Sandborn, W. (2010). Management of Crohn’s Disease in Adults. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY, 96 (3), 635-643.
KEFALAS, C. H. (2013). Gastroduodenal Crohn’s disease. BUMC PROCEEDINGS, 16 , 147-151.
Mustafa, M., Menon, J., Muiandy, R., Fredie, R., Sein, M., & Fariz, A. (2015). Risk Factors,Diagnosis, and Management of Peptic ulcer Disease. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 14 (7), 40-46.
Oshima, T., & Miwa, H. (2015). Epidemiology of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Japan and in the World. J Neurogastroenterol Motil, 21 (3), 320-329.
