In a universe of constant innovation and unceasing travel, the aptitude to identify and accept cultural diversity is of great importance to every caregiver, but particularly in the scope of care of a nurse. Whereas a majority of nursing students’ education simply addresses the significance of distinguishing and comprehending diverse cultures, nurses unavoidably experience very close contact with persons from different backgrounds. Madeleine Leininger’s concept proves valuable in advance in the nursing field. Nurses are able to be models for accepting the cultural needs of a patient in healthcare. Consequently, the current paper seeks to provide an insight into Madeleine Leininger’s Transcultural Theory of nursing with reference to the four metaparadigm concepts.
The four metaparadigm concepts
A metaparadigm refers to a set of ideas or theories which offer a structure for the manner in which a discipline ought to function. For the nursing field, the concepts comprise 4 basic ideas which address the patient in general, the patient’s environment, the patient’s well-being and health, as well as the nursing responsibilities. Whereas there are a number of dissimilar nursing theories, these 4 fundamental nursing metaparadigms indicate an all-inclusive perspective of care in which an individual’s medical health and well-being are associated with the 4 interactive ingredients (Mintz-Binder, 2019).
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The person component of nursing metaparadigms centers on the care receiver. Nevertheless, the person link also encompasses relatives and other people crucial to a patient. The care arrangement takes into considerations the individual’s social and spiritual needs in addition to health care requirements (Jacob, 2018). The ensuing health outcome is accredited to the manner which the individual interrelates with these social and physical connections. The principle is that the individual is empowered to deal with his well-being and health with dignity plus self-protection with optimistic personal connections.
The environment component of the nursing metaparadigm centers on the environments which touch the patient. The environment comprises of external and internal factors and maintains that the manner in which an individual constantly interrelates with his/her environments has a bearing on wellness and health. Interrelations with friends, family, and other individuals are a portion of an environment, as are social and physical influences like geographic locations, economic conditions, technology, culture, as well as social connections (Smith & Parker, 2015). The environment component of metaparadigm hypothesizes that an individual may adjust his/her environmental aspects to enhance his/her health status.
The health component of nursing metaparadigms denotes the level of wellness as well as health care access which the patients have (Mintz-Binder, 2019). The health component is typified as one having manifold scopes in a continuous state of motion. Wellness and health encompass an individual’s lifetime and genetic composition, and the manner in which the emotional, physical, spiritual, social and intellectual well-being is incorporated in medical care for optimal health benefits (Smith & Parker, 2015). The principle is that these aspects affect the state of well-being of a patient.
The nursing element of the metaparadigms entails the provision of optimum health outcomes for patients via a shared relationship in a caring and safe setting. This component uses the principles of skills, knowledge, collaborations, technology, communication and professional judgement to execute responsibilities and duties for realizing the best likely situation in patient health outcome (Jacob, 2018). The component cherishes a high service level and incorporates with the rest of metaparadigm components for the well-being of the patient.
Madeleine Leininger's Theory of Transcultural Nursing
Born in the year 1925, Madeleine Leininger was a nursing philosopher, nursing lecturer and originator of the idea of transcultural nursing. Initially published in the year 1961, Leininger’s contributions to nursing concept entail the argument of what it is to care (Sagar, 2012). Consistent to the theorist, the cultural care theory purposes to offer culturally corresponding nursing care via cognitively grounded enabling, supportive, assistive, or facilitative decisions or acts which are generally made-to-measure to fit with institution's, group's, individual's, or cultural life ways, beliefs, and values (Prosen, 2015). The care is aimed to suit or have a positive meaning in addition to health outcomes for individuals of similar or different cultural upbringings.
The theory of Transcultural Nursing developed by Madeleine Leininger, identified as Culture Care Concept, falls under the grouping of general practice, as well as the specialty area. In the present day, the concept has progressed into a discipline in nursing. Leininger's Transcultural Nursing philosophy originally appeared in the book Culture Care Diversity and Universality, written in the year 1991 (Ray, 2016). The idea was advanced further in the manuscript of Leininger “Transcultural Nursing,” printed in the year 1995. The theory-grounded survey and the employment of the Transcultural idea are illustrated in the 3rd version of Transcultural Nursing, printed in the year 2002.
Transcultural nursing denotes an investigation of cultures to figure out the differences and similarities inside patient sets. Culture means a set of values believed by a particular group of individuals, passed on from one peer group to another (Prosen, 2015). In transcultural nursing, the nurses perform in agreement with the cultural concerns of the patients. It commences with a cultural-logical assessment that considers the cultural upbringing of the patients in appraising the patients in addition to their health. Once the assessment is completed, the nurse ought to utilize the cultural-logical appraisal to develop the nursing care plan which also takes into consideration the cultural upbringing of the patients.
It is advantageous for nurses to apply cultural information of patients to manage them. Firstly, it facilitates nurses to be informed about how the cultural and faith system of a patient give resources for their experiences with suffering, disease, and even death. Applying cultural information of patients facilitates the nurses to be deferential and understanding of the diversity which is generally very prevailing in a patient burden of the nurse. Similarly, it helps underpin the devotion of the nurse to nursing centered on the patient-nurse relations and underlining the whole person instead of perceiving the patient as simply a disease or some symptoms (Prosen, 2015). Besides, it assists a nurse to be neutral to treatments which could be viewed as unusual, for instance, spiritually centered treatments like anointing in addition to meditation.
In Transcultural Nursing concept of Leininger, the nurses have liability to realize the cultural role in the health of a patient. A cultural upbringing may affect the health of a patient, and also the patient might be getting remedies which could impact his or her health. The philosopher acknowledged 3 nursing decisions and actions which attain culturally-affable care for the patients, taking in: cultural care negotiation or accommodation, cultural maintenance or preservation, as well as cultural care restructuring or re-patterning (Ray, 2016).
Transcultural nursing theory has three central themes. The first theme is cultural care maintenance or preservation, which encompasses those supporting, assistive, enabling or facilitative professional decisions and actions which help persons of a certain culture to preserve and/or retain pertinent care standards so that they could retain their well-being, recuperate from the ailment, or face death and/or handicaps (Sagar, 2012). The second theme is cultural care negotiation or accommodation, which encompasses those facilitative, assistive, supportive, or enabling innovative professional decisions and actions which help persons of a specified culture to negotiate with or adapt to others for a satisfying or beneficial health outcome with a specialized caregiver. The third theme is culture care restructuring or re-patterning, which encompasses those facilitative, supporting, assistive, or enabling specialized decisions and actions which help the client change, reorder, or significantly adjust their ways of life for new, changed, and favorable health care pattern at the same time valuing the client’s cultural beliefs and values and still offering a healthier or beneficial way of life than prior to co-establishing the changes with the client.
In a nutshell, Theory of Transcultural Nursing of Madeline Leininger, which relies on the interaction and care showed by a nurse, actively integrates the patient’s beliefs, values, as well as upbringing into all phases of a nursing process. In cases where a nurse has an opportunity to make the patient more contented consistent with her/his apparent style of care, a nurse should effectively and professionally pursue this background in the best interests of the patient and make all attempts to comprehend the reasons behind his/her desires, without judgement. Nurses ought to take the bull by the horns towards cultural competence, and thus, the transcultural nursing is the answer to solving cultural competence within a healthcare context for a country with an ironic historic past and an ethnically diverse future.
References
Jacob, S. R. (2018). Theories of Nursing Practice. PART-Sherpath 1-Color Print for Issues and Trends in Contemporary Nursing (Cherry Version) , 75.
Mintz-Binder, R. (2019). The connection between nursing theory and practice. Nursing made Incredibly Easy , 17 (1), 6-9.
Prosen, M. (2015). Introducing transcultural nursing education: implementation of transcultural nursing in the postgraduate nursing curriculum. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences , 174 , 149-155.
Ray, M. A. (2016). Transcultural caring dynamics in nursing and health care . FA Davis.
Sagar, P. (2012). Transcultural nursing theory and models. Application in Nursing .
Smith, M. C., & Parker, M. E. (2015). Nursing theories and nursing practice . FA Davis.
