The human race has introduced several modifications of the reproductive health some of which are discussed in the chapter. The chapter also entails potential ethical issues concerning the methods showing that those who rebuke the methods believe artificial is naturally evil as it raises harmful effects.
Artificial information (AI) entails harvesting of sperms from a donor and inserting it directly into a female’s cervix. Three objections are made against AI because it involves masturbation. Secondly, religion perceives it as adultery if the two are not married. Thirdly, AI is an intrusion to the natural method of conceiving. There are unwarranted harmful problems following the scenarios. First, AI from a donor puts one at a risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases since some vital history information may be omitted. Second, some physicians may combine sperms from several donors to avoid records that may put one at the risk of being sued for child support. Such may put a child into the danger of being attended to in the future without essential knowledge of parentage. Third, frequent use of sperms from a particular person creates a risk of incest which may bring forth genetic problems in the future (Baillie, McGeehan, Garrett, & Garrett, 2013) .
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In vitro fertilization entails hormone treatment to stimulate ova production, surgically removing it from a woman, taking the sperm from the donor then combining the two in a Petri dish. Once conception and cell division have occurred, the conceptus is introduced into the uterus hoping it nests and grows to maturity. Most attempts are unsuccessful and thus have to be repeated. Added problems may occur especially if the conceptus is reintroduced to a surrogate mother. The procedure is costly and part of insurance coverage. The risk of a mother can be calculated, but those of a child are extensively unknown. Further, a discard problem may arise in the pioneering phases of the procedure as the fertilized ova not introduced into a female are discarded or even utilized for experiments. Frozen embryos can be regarded as one of the leading factors increasing the discard issue (Baillie, McGeehan, Garrett, & Garrett, 2013) .
Surrogating is the process of in vitro fertilization and conceptus implantation into the womb another woman who will deliver and allow the offspring to be adopted by the egg and sperm suppliers. The woman who adopts the child is regarded as the biological mother whereas the child carrier is termed as the gestational mother. However, it is not clear if the rights of the child and surrogate are protected. The surrogate may be coerced to give up the child without consideration of attachment (Baillie, McGeehan, Garrett, & Garrett, 2013) .
Conclusively, healthcare providers should do what is medically required to prevent significant risks. However, the procedures include more dangers to offspring’s and the community hence leaving the question of justification of any kinds of these operations.
Reference
Baillie, H. W., McGeehan, J. F., Garrett, T. M., & Garrett, R. M. (2013). Health Care Ethics (6th ed.). Boston, Mass : Pearson Education,.
