It is essential for the public to have a comprehensive understanding of health education and health promotion as an approach to improving their health outcomes. According to Griebler, Rojatz, Simovska and Forster (2017), health promotion decribes the process of enabling people to have increased control over and improve their health through understanding of factors that cause various health issues and ways to avoid them. Health education, on the other hand, entails the training conducted combined with the learning experiences people have towards maintaining personal health and increasing their knowledge and improving their attitude towards better health status (Hornik, 2018). Notably, it is essential for a nurse to have a general idea about various frameworks that drive the concept of improving health promotion and health education for better interventions with patients. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Health Promotion Model Theory presented by Nola J. Pender and determine the use of this model towards improving community awareness concerning their health and assessment for better health outcomes.
Referral Organization in the Community
One of the global health promotion referral organisation is the World Health Organization, which provide essential information that is useful in guiding the public towards having better health practices. The institution offers insights on significant ways towards regulating infections by various diseases, methods of preventing contamination of communicable infections and techniques to treat most common health issues (Griebler et al., 2017). Therefore, the organization has helped in developing promotional activities aimed at improving the public to lead healthier lives.
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Health Promotion Model Theory presented by Nola J. Pender
The selected framework in improving patient literacy with health disparities is the Health Promotion Model Theory by Nola J. Pender. According to McCutcheon, Schaar and Parker (2016), the theory advocates for both the nurses and patients to care for themselves through making healthy choices that will prevent their contraction of diseases that can lead to poor life outcomes. As a result, Nola developed the theory with the interest of ensuring that both the nurses and patients have a role in improving their health outcomes. The method was published in 1982 and is used in nursing research, education and practice. Eight key factors make up the components of the nursing theory, and they include the person, the environment, health, illness, individual experiences and characteristics, behaviour-specific cognitions and effect, and behavioural outcomes. However, in the theory’s manual released in 2011, the concepts are categorized only into three aspects as follows:
Individual Characteristics and Experiences
This section details the personal factors inclusive of biological, sociocultural and psychological, which have an impact on health outcomes and that an individual must consider in promoting their health.
Behavior
Behaviors affect the expected level of health. The perceived benefits and barriers to action along with self-efficacy, situational influences such as aesthetics, options and demand characteristics and commitment to a plan of action influence the health of an individual.
Behavioral Outcomes
The section has its focus on the desired behavioral endpoint and the outcomes of given health decision-making practices and the preparation on how the same is executed to meet health goals.
Various studies present the use of the Health Promotion Model Theory to be useful in enhancing the community about health practices that will improve their health outcomes. A survey conducted by Khodaveisi, Omidi, Farokhi and Soltanian (2017) shows that the integration of the model was effective in the change of behaviours and lifestyles among obese women. The research shows that women who were at risk of overweight and obesity developed better eating habits, incorporating effective nutritional practices that helped in their maintenance of better health lifestyles. This shows that Nola’s model was integral in enhancing behaviors of the subjects thereby promoting better health outcomes.
Another research was conducted to assess the prediction power of the Health Promotion Model Theory towards the results of self-care behaviors involved with the rural hypertensive persons. According to Kamran, Azadbakht, Sharifirad, Mahaki and Mohebi (2015), the research found that the participants who had undergone prior training regarding behavior change aligned more with the Theory’s objectives, hence having behaviors that reflect on the expectations of the model. It was perceived that the model could predict these behaviors, which enhances the learning process of given patients and hence improving the understanding of their actions to invoke mitigation methods and behavior change models.
Conclusion
The paper has examined Nola’s Theory on Health Promotion and determined if it can be used to raise awareness on people and hence enhance their health outcomes. Based on the literature analysis, it is evident that the model continually presents succinct information to ascertain its usage and application in nursing health promotions. The model incorporates important tactics to inform the public about health concerns and measures they should take towards mitigating various health issues for better lifestyles. Therefore, it is essential for nurses to understand the theory and apply it in their health promotion practices.
References
Griebler, U., Rojatz, D., Simovska, V., & Forster, R. (2017). Effects of student participation in school health promotion: a systematic review. Health promotion international , 32 (2), 195-206.
Hornik, R. (2018). Public health education and communication as policy instruments for bringing about changes in behavior. In Social marketing (pp. 45-58). Psychology Press.
Kamran, A., Azadbakht, L., Sharifirad, G., Mahaki, B., & Mohebi, S. (2015). The relationship between blood pressure and the structures of Pender's health promotion model in rural hypertensive patients. Journal of education and health promotion , 4 . Obtained from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4392569/
Khodaveisi, M., Omidi, A., Farokhi, S., & Soltanian, A. R. (2017). The effect of Pender’s health promotion model in improving the nutritional behavior of overweight and obese women. International journal of community based nursing and midwifery , 5 (2), 165. Obtained from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385239/
McCutcheon, T., Schaar, G., & Parker, K. L. (2016). Pender's Health Promotion Model and HPV Health-Promoting Behaviors among College-Aged Males: Concept Integration. Journal of Theory Construction & Testing , 10 (1).
