Bacterial pneumonia is an infection involving the pulmonary parenchyma. When attacked with bacterial pneumonia, the lungs react to foreign microbes that cause inflammatory responses. The response resulting from fluid causes the alveoli and bronchioles to become solid. Consolidation and inflammation of the lung tissues result in serious infection. When one is attacked by bacterial pneumonia, the natural defense of the body weakens hence allowing germs to the lungs. Bacterial pneumonia presents with mucopurulent sputum. The quality and color of sputum provide the clue to the presence of bacterial pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia is associated with cough, sputum production, and fever. This type of pneumonia nails the organisms destroying white blood cells. White blood cells swiftly amass, and the bacteria fill the air sacks within the lungs.
Pathological changes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome present a high level of fever and dyspnea. The disorder causes endotracheal mechanical and intubation ventilation. The person attacked by this pneumonia experiences impaired gas exchange. Both consolidation and ground-glass opacities are experienced in both lungs. Inflammation in the lungs is caused by certain foreign substances like cytosine (Stets et al., 2019). The disorder can be a result of Masson staining and eosin staining. It causes alveoli damage characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and edema.
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome is caused by sepsis from pneumonia. It is a life-threatening disease caused by injuries on the lungs. ARDS mostly tend to develop just a few hours after the event that caused it (Lee, 2017). This syndrome can be the result and can cause infection of the bloodstream. Inhalation of harmful substances can cause the syndrome. Acute respiratory distress syndrome can evolve when one is breathing in a high concentration of chemical fumes that damages the lungs. It occurs when the lungs are filled with fluid in the air sacs. In return, the lungs lower the amount of oxygen, thus increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
Respiratory failure is a grave condition that results when the lungs cannot get sufficient oxygen in the bloodstream. Respiratory failure is a condition where there is a high amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream that damages the organs and the lungs. The amount of oxygen received from the bloodstream is not delivered to the tissues. The problem occurs when tiny blood vessels surrounding the air sacs and capillaries cannot adequately exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen. With acute respiratory failure, the patient experiences immediate symptoms. Acute respiratory distress syndrome has a lot of impact on those patients who are very ill. The problem results when the lungs are filled with fluid from air sacs. The fluid increases the amount of carbon dioxide and lowers the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream.
Physical findings on acute respiratory distress syndrome may include the following: Tachycardia, tachypnea, and diffuse crackle. When severe, respiratory distress, diaphoresis, and confusion can be evident. Fever, wheeze, chest pain, and cough are driven by the underlying etiology, and mostly these symptoms are inconsistent. Dullness on percussion and tactile fremitus can also be experienced. Physical findings on bacterial pneumonia may include the following: Reduced intensity of breath sounds, adventitious breath sounds such as rhonchi or rales. Using standard criteria, the patient may experience increased cough and increased sputum production.
In examining acute respiratory distress syndrome, a laboratory, the pressure of oxygen in the patient’s arterial blood is divided into different fractions. The normal arterial value is about 80 to 100 millimeters of mercury. ARDS chest radiograph findings do vary depending on the stage of the disease. Predominantly and bilateral are common chest radiograph findings. In bacterial pneumonia, a blood test is used to confirm the extent of infection. Precisely, a chest X-ray helps the doctor to have a deeper understanding of the extend of the infection. Chest radiograph of bacterial pneumonia shows advanced bilateral opacities. Radiographs in most patients demonstrate a patchy bronchopneumonia pattern. The normal pattern of the arterial value of bacterial pneumonia is 35 to 45 millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
In an exudative phase, the patient must be supported with ventilators. All patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome need extra oxygen. The machine should be able to open the air sacs in order to short down and promote breathing. A patient has to be connected to the ventilator with the use of the mask on the face. The patient has to be placed in a prone position. Typically, patients have to be placed in bed on their back (Casey et al., 2019). With this position, high levels of oxygen are instilled. In a proliferative phase, medications and sedation have to be provided to prevent unnecessary movements. In order to relieve shortness of breath, these services have to be provided to prevent agitation. Fluid management should be given much priority at this phase. Fluid should be managed adequately to promote the health of the patient.
Diuretic medication has to be given at the exudative phase to increase urination. Increased urination removes excess fluid from the body and also prevents fluid from building in the lungs. Too much fluid removal leads to kidney problems and lowers blood pressure; hence the process should be done keenly. During the phase of fibrotic, the patient must be exposed to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The process makes the patient respond adequately to the treatment. The process is so complicated and takes blood out of the body through the membrane. The removed blood adds oxygen to the patient.
References
Casey, J. D., Semler, M. W., & Rice, T. W. (2019, February). Fluid management in ARDS. In Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine (Vol. 40, No. 1, p. 57). NIH Public Access.
Lee, K. Y. (2017). Pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and early immune-modulator therapy. International journal of molecular sciences , 18 (2), 388.
Stets, R., Popescu, M., Gonong, J. R., Mitha, I., Nseir, W., Madej, A., ... & Loh, E. (2019). Omadacycline for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine , 380 (6), 517-527.
