Introduction
General Douglas MacArthur was the major general of the United States Army in the course of 1930s and was a key figure with a protuberant character in the Pacific theater during the World War II. MacArthur served under President Harry Truman and was known to be a flamboyant and egotistical major who defied superior orders and did things his way. He was famously known to publicly criticize Truman and his administration. The author indicates that the General continued to make declarations that were conflicting not only to his superiors but also to the formal position of Washington, and precisely President Truman. 1 The Sydney Morning Herald reported that t he conceited MacArthur had disrupted the U.S. ingenuity with his mundane communiqué that was typically a date for China to carry on with the battle. 2 The Washington Post reported that the next day, Truman awakened to the information of MacArthur's disruption. 3 At that time, Truman could no longer endure the public spats and defiance of orders which had become a norm for MacArthur. President Truman had deliberated firing MacArthur many times before this. However, this was the final straw. The Guardian reported that the order of December 6, which the victim had defied, was explicit enough to permit court-martial measures. 4 MacArthur's declarations were causing consternation in Washington as this was his discourteous individual message to Truman. The Guardian said that it was an irresponsible account without the sanction of the U.S. or any U.N affiliate government. WBBM FM of Chicago stated that the Foreign Secretary nitpicked that MacArthur wanted a battle with China, and his management could no longer be accepted. 5 On April 6, an assembly was conducted with Truman to ascertain how to dismiss MacArthur. President Truman insisted that he was going to shoot him then. WBMP FM declared that MacArthur be requested to remit his command. 6 General Omar Bradley, another high-ranking member in the forces, cautioned Truman that if the victim heard about the authorities before they reached him, he might quit with an ego. Nonetheless, President Harry Truman finally relieved MacArthur of his duties and appointed General Matthew Ridgway to head the troops. This paper argues why President Truman and his administration was right to take a precautionary measure of firing General MacArthur following his conduct by exploring surrounding events and how the American media covered his firing under the regime of President Harry Truman.
Survey
The Gallup Vault noted that General Douglas MacArthur desired to battle an endless war when he revealed that there is no substitute to triumph. MacArthur differed with Truman's perception of the war and believed that America should take part in it. The general was in full support of Chiang and his notions irrespective of the fact that Truman had advised MacArthur to ignore Chiang’s offer. General MacArthur was not apprehensive with the economy of Americans or their wellbeing, nonetheless his individual achievements. Albeit MacArthur was one of the U.S’s highly adorned Generals as he made impetuous and illogical decisions that many at times led to the critical loss of money as well as resources. 7 The Milwaukee Journal reported that MacArthur dramatically underestimated China’s ability as a pugnacious during the Korean War. This underestimate was the chief mistake of MacArthur’s Occupation. The once respected General MacArthur was now hated for causing the collapse of the U.S. and transforming the Korean War from conquest to a Stalemate.
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President Truman relieved MacArthur because of defiance during the Korean War. The two disagreed on many important matters including the president's notion to discontinue the war battle with negotiations. MacArthur did not agree with this policy and Truman had no choice but to fire MacArthur off his position to avoid confusion over the aim of the strategy. The President went ahead and appointed General Matthew Ridgeway to head the United Nations forces in South Korea. 8 The Huffington Post indicated that during his firing, MacArthur was located in Tokyo with the title Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Pacific along with other major titles. 9 The newspaper further reported MacArthur as a man with great self-regard who clashed in numerous instances with Truman, the US cabinet as well as Joint Commanders regarding his independent statements about foreign strategy. Instead of limiting the Korean Battle to a deadlock, MacArthur thought that the UN troops should invade China and vandalize the communist administration. In the Pacific, MacArthur was infamous for pressing reporters to file tales reflecting his active side and not where he had failed. Nonetheless, MacArthur could not regulate the media not ascribed to his command.
In 1944, the American Mercury noted that MacArthur's heroic depiction was a Republican-produced myth to apply against Roosevelt. The Army War College library dispersed the journal to American members of the armed forces throughout the globe. 10 Consequently, republicans in the Senate criticized the War Department for taking part in a smear. A scorched War Department retaliated by stalling Harper’s Magazine from publishing another faultfinding article with the editor observing the situation as intolerable in a democratic nation. 11 In the later stages of 1944, the American press broadcasted the fact that General MacArthur was the sole high-ranking general permitted to have his wife in the theater. The American Mercury additionally wrote unfairly that the public transformed his residence in comfy colonial mansion whereas his troops fought malaria and other diseases. 12
The London Evening News came up with ideas that problems with the egotistical and flamboyant MacArthur had been cultivating for months. In the preceding days of the battle in Korea that commenced in June 1950, MacArthur had invented various brilliant policies and maneuvers that aided to save the nation from succumbing to the invading troops of communist North Korea. 13 As United Nations and the United States troops turned the tide of war in Korea, General MacArthur argued for a strategy invading North Korea to utterly destroy the communist troops. President Truman carried on with the move but vexed that the communist administration of the People's Republic of China may consider the incursion and antagonistic act thus interfere in the battle. 14 In later periods of 1950, Truman met with General MacArthur and gave him his word that the chances of a Chinese intervention were negligible. In November and December that year, many Chinese forces invaded North Korea and battled the American lines prompting United States troops to retaliate into South Korea. 15
The General then requested permission to hit communist China and deploy Nationalist Chinese troops from Taiwan counter to the People's Republic of China. Truman ultimately turned down such requirements, and a real quarrel began cultivating between the two strongmen. MacArthur was dismissed in April 1951, and Truman replaced him with General Matthew Ridgeway. Later that month, the president addressed the country and ratified his actions. Truman started by guarding his overall strategy in Korea declaring that it was right for the United States to be in Korea. 16 The head of state further criticized the Kremlin who engaged in a massive conspiracy to uproot freedom all over the nation. Nonetheless, the president elaborated that it would be wrong for the country to take the creativity in extending the battle. According to the New York Times, US's principal aim was to avoid the spread of the tussle. 17
The president moreover continued that the nation needs to try and limit the conflict to Korea for important purposes such as making sure the valuable lives of combat armies are not wasted in addition to seeing that the safety of the America and the free realm is not endangered. 18 Truman also pointed out another reason as prevention of third world war. MacArthur had been relieved of his role, therefore, zero doubt or misperception as to the actual reason and goal for the strategy. MacArthur reverted to the US to a hero's reception. Parades were conducted to honor him and was requested to address the Congress where he delivered his popular ‘Old soldiers never die; they just fade away' 19 speech. People were strongly against the president's move, but Truman maintained his decision without apology or regret. Ultimately, the general did fade away, and Americans finally understood that his recommendations and strategies might have resulted in the massively heightened battle in Asia. Though the thought of a “limited action," as opposed to the old American strategy of final conquest, was novel and firstly unsettling to most Americans. The notion came to describe the U.S. Cold War military stratagem. The MacArthur dismissal provoked the Democratic-led Congress to request the general to address a joint meeting, which MacArthur moved to ovation and tears when he professed that “old soldiers never die; they just fade away.” 20 Among Republicans, there were whispers of backing for a MacArthur contention for the president. The Senate’s Armed Amenities and Foreign Relations Commissions conducted joint hearings whereby MacArthur reticulated his disagreement with Truman and claimed the patronage of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for his locus.
Project Review
The firing of Douglas MacArthur as United States Army general in 1951 came as a surprise to many people who regarded him as their hero because of the many battles he won in Korea, China, and various other countries During World War 1 and 2. Research indicates that the flamboyant and egotistical general trashed orders from his superiors including President Truman himself. The general publicly challenged the president and intelligence advice and at times lost the battle. Most notable in this case is when he triumphed against the Korean Army and decided to move northwards to attack further defying information that the Chinese may invade the war. 21 Apparently, MacArthur went ahead with his plan, and when Chinese troops started streaming in, America lost the war badly and this was one of the grounds that proved right for his firing.
This is an essential historical topic because it unearths one of the most uncalled for the public spat between the military and politicians. The paper explains the fact that in the recent times, police follow orders without question. The paper uses credible sources to provide interesting events that took place in the history of the great nation, United States.
This is an essential topic because it covers events that changed American history. A time when some people thought they could make decisions without making consultations. Good enough, this is a topic that has been covered by many media all over the world both in the present and the past. MacArthur and President Truman represent two figures who were both fundamental to United States history more so regarding politics and the military. 22 The analysis of the topic merges information from the past World War II with present data and analyses to give a wide-cutting scrutiny about what the media reported about the firing of Douglas MacArthur by President Harry Truman. There are secondary sources used to back up the information, but primary sources give much of the data. Quotes and direct speeches are visible in the examination as an indication that particular words of the players are used to make rich content.
The Showdown that Changed America
A new book by the historian as well as best-selling author H.W. Brands chronicles President Harry Truman's sacking of General MacArthur from his position of the Korean War and highlights the manner in which the showdown between two strongmen about how to wage war in nuclear age resounded within the entire Cold War. E-News wrote that this looks like a different straw seething the Head of State. Truman scrawled in his diary back in the initial stages of 1951. Once again, General Douglas MacArthur had been publicized with his differences with the President over the conduct of battle, this juncture in an address to House Republican Leader Joseph Martin. The President thought it nothing short of rank defiance and five days later Truman conveyed the information to American citizens that he had fired General MacArthur and replaced him with General Matthew Ridgeway. E-News further reported the President’s speech “With deep regret I have concluded the General of the Army Douglas MacArthur is not able to give his total support to the strategies of the US Government and of the UN in matters concerning his official duties 23 .”
The strain that had been swelling for months between the egotistical MacArthur and modest Truman heightened beyond minor personality variances. Still upset that the general had mistakenly guaranteed him during a face-to-face discussion on Wake Island that the communist administration of China would intercede on behalf of North Korea, the President favored a limited battle. 24 The general nonetheless openly advocated the more widespread utilization of American military muscle, involving the bombing of China, deployment of Nationalist Chinese troops from Taiwan and the possible usage of nuclear weapons. Dreading that such an approach risked a hugely expanded battle in Asia in addition to the possible start of the Third World War; with the USSR intervening to help China, the head of state repeatedly clashed with MacArthur before eventually firing him. H.W. Brands, the writer of the new book ‘The General vs. the President and Truman at the Brink of Nuclear War," refers to history that Truman's choice had widespread implications beyond solely the conduct of the Korean War.
Brands observed the enduring legacy is that the head of state took the elongated political risk and he did it quickly to stop WW3, but also to demonstrate the maxim that civilian chosen officers are above military officials, nonetheless decorated and grand they may be. The American media reported generals have since then taken the lesson. With Lyndon Johnson, the majors in Vietnam understood not to take their disagreements outside of the popular opinion or administration would probably be against them. 25 The President's choice ended the general's military career as well as Truman's political career, setting the stage for the ensuing regime of Dwight Eisenhower.
In the preliminary hours after Truman’s declaration, the White House got over 6,000 telegrams; many of them supporting the renowned MacArthur, a person who had been recognized the utmost alive American in a 1946 survey. In the rouse of the dismissal, Truman’s great endorsement ranking set a rank not accorded prior or ever since 20% or less irrespective of than of Nixon’s at the profundity of the Watergate scandal, as reported by E-News. After what historians call “political madness,” 26 The president never pursued his party’s nomination in 1952. The general, nonetheless, harbored determinations of succeeding Truman as president after coming back home to a hero’s reception that incorporated a speech to a joint assembly of Congress as well as a ticker-tape parade in New York City. There was this great surge of support for the general when he arrived home, but it later emerged it was because of his previous ambitions and not what he might accomplish in the future. He was the last of the generals to arrive home and get a victory parade. MacArthur considered its possible support for the presidency but to his disappointment, it was not.
His support among right-wing Republicans began to wane after the Senate committee listened to secret testimony from his superiors, among them Generals Omar Bradley and George Marshall that disputed the capability of MacArthur strategy for a whole battle and revealed the United States did not have the military muscle during such time prevail another combat. Yahoo News demonstrated the general was simply talking hot air, and very timidly the air began leaking out of his balloon. A Yahoo Correspondent noted when MacArthur's main address at the 1952 Republican National Convention collapsed, delegates abandoned him. The delegates shifted attention to another general with a more vital touch, Eisenhower. 27 The American media further reported that MacArthur’s political pyramid lost balance never to emerge again. The two adversaries Truman and MacArthur, as well as their vision on the manner in which to reply to the danger of communism and wage battle in the nuclear age, vibrated many years down Eisenhower's regime as the president managed to end the Korean War.
The Gallup Vault wrote Truman understood the Cold War would be won without an all-out battle with the Soviet Union contrary to what MacArthur believed. The General fundamentally thought World War III had commenced and the United States had to take part in it considering no substitute for conquest 28 . He is publicly remembered saying if the country goes to war, they go to war. All commanders in war want to protect troops and send men in combat he cannot use all essential resources since that will be deeply frustrating. The media believed such situations would make any general upset. World War II nonetheless was the final battle Americans were able to fight to the fullest. The underlying reason is that the risks of escalation were more than benefits of conquest. The entire battle was not possible anymore in a world where nations, involving the Soviet Union possessed the atomic bomb; a similar case to the United States. 29 Then President Truman's idea of a limited battle might have been a reality of a nuclear era, but it was not as gratifying as the prior strategy of final triumph. World War II led to the model combat in American minds; a war where the country takes gloves off, troops win, and they arrive home. This was nowhere closer to the Cold War which was very unsatisfying to citizens since it required some adjusting to.
The media reported the conclusion of the Cold War on the conditions that Truman had imposed; involving firm, patient resolve vindicated the head of state’s model in his showdown with General MacArthur. As Brands notes at the conclusion of his book, “The courage of Truman’s decision had never been in question; six decades down the line, his wisdom proved apparent as well.” It is complicated today to fully comprehend the awe in which MacArthur was perceived by Americans in the initial stages of the 1950s. The General had been in the public domain in various ways since the 1930s and had elevated his public image in a manner to appear as military prowess sitting on the apex of Mount Olympus. The American media further reported a key personality in the defeat of Japan in the Pacific during World War II, MacArthur stayed in the country as an administrator, managing the nation with Oriental remoteness as well as absolutism. 30 With prowess in doing what he required and adept at defiance, the general had been indulged by a majority of his superiors for long periods that he came to perceive his status beyond inspection.
Apparently, his nominal bosses were seen as afraid of General MacArthur and because he was a renowned political infighter, knew how to keep them at bay with a blend of drama, veiled threats, and allusion. CNN News reported General MacArthur a man of contradictions. As superintendent of West Point, the general proved himself a capable administrator and liberal reformer. For instance, in World War II, he depicted tactical brilliance on numerous occasions; and in Korea, the general’s amphibious landing at Inchon turned the tide of battle and arrived with an ace of conquering it. 31 Local and international newspapers termed him brave, charismatic and highly intelligent but could also be spiteful, vain, pathologically insecure as well as jealous of subordinates and colleagues within the army. The general’s gamble at the Inchon landings in 1950 had been highly successful by pulling a masterstroke which outflanked the North Koreans who just weeks prior had had South Korea, and the United States boxed into a continually dwindling limit around Pusan. MacArthur also triumphed against the navy seals; North Korean troops in full retreat appeared close to finalize the downfall.
As MacArthur descended into North Korea and shifted northward, the general committed two unforgivable military offenses. First, he split his troops into separate northward moves and defied intelligence reports that China was preparing a widespread invasion to support its besieged North Korean ally. Eventually, the China immersed its troops into the combat sending MacArthur’s forces reeling back southwards the Peninsula. 32 Media reports that the US Army fully collapsed; the US Marines with their superior cohesiveness and discipline were only with great problems able to extricate themselves from the freezing remains of the Chosin Reservoir. This is a situation that genuinely shocked MacArthur; his vanity and carelessness had been the cause of the calamity, but with his ego, he rejected any blame. Al-Jazeera reported losing the battle on the ground and escalating divorced from actuality; the general reverted to living in personal fantasies. This renowned media indicated that MacArthur's public addresses turned increasingly provocative when he started to challenge US strategy in the Far East. He iced the nail further while threatening to unleash Chiang Kai-Shek in Taiwan located on the communist Chinese territory and spread the battle beyond Korea. 33 In increasingly insubordinate and bombastic public statements, MacArthur seemed to endorse the deployment of atomic bombs on the Soviet Union and China and worse still, edged towards observing the shortfall of Truman’s leadership.
Repeated trials to reprimand the general and rein him in bore no fruit. Similar to a spoilt kid who had been indulged too often, his behavior had become nearly impossible to put on track according to Al Jazeera. This was a stage prepared for one of the most melodramatic conflicts in the antiquity of the American military-political operations. The National Security Agency (NSA) founded in 1947 profoundly censored communications of both foes and friends of the United States from its examination station situated Atsugi Air Base, Tokyo. Interventions of the general's conversations with diplomats mainly Portugal and Spain revealed his inclination to escalate battle on the outskirts of Korea with an aim of destroying the communist Chinese and reprimand the USSR. 34 The president was briefed on MacArthur's machinations, and such information angered him. American media reported that such utterances were against the Constitution since they could lead to war.
Irrespective of the secret conversations, the head of state had adequate proof of MacArthur’s defiance; from the general’s professionally suicidal public utterances questioning US strategy in Korea to justify his firing of MacArthur. He had finally warranted any action from Truman, and all that remained was to communicate to Macarthur about his dismissal. To spare him embarrassment, it was unanimously decided to have a courier secretly hand-deliver the firing letter to MacArthur’s residence in Tokyo with everyone involved on oath to secrecy. As fate would have it, the notice traffic got stalled, and a loquacious official revealed the information to a reporter. Panic seized in Truman regime. 35 It was dreaded that if the general received the information of his dismissal before being publicly notified, he might make some form of grandstanding address to the press to increasingly incapacitate US strategy in Korea. The President’s remaining option was to preempt MacArthur by summoning a press assembly at one o’clock in the wake of April 11, 1951. 36 Harry Truman’s declaration to the media was resolute and terse.
The American media termed it unfortunate the circumstances rousing reporters in the wee hours for a press conference to fire a general who had done so much for the country. This made the dismissal of MacArthur appear a hotheaded, rushed and irrational act by the President, which later turned out not the case. Reporters started following and publishing the comic opera that had one final episode. The general learned about his dismissal in the worst form possible after a friend heard it on radio, called MacArthur’s wife and broke the news to her. 37 Upon receiving the news, the general hugged Jeannie, his wife and told her they are leaving for home. This was supposed to be shocking news, but MacArthur seemed to have breathed a sigh of relief according to BBC news. His return home saw him address a joint session of Congress with masterpiece eloquence. MacArthur further talked about a tour in America with the fallout proving devastating. Feelings escalated against Truman, who had prior been unpopular thanks to the little known Korean War.
As a gentleman, the president did not appear in public until the storm cooled, but people comparatively resented his firing of MacArthur and Truman’s political foes used it against him. Nevertheless, the public, effortlessly led amiss by hero-worship and susceptible to emotionalism, is virtually never on the side of understanding and restriction. 38 As time has given people some viewpoint on the issue, it is apparent that Truman’s dismissal of MacArthur was a deed of profound bravery, taken under conditions that Truman knew would uncover himself to hatred and reprisal from MacArthur’s political supports in Congress. The general knew it was imminent. Reporters noted that MacArthur had stonewalled on his orders, had expressed public contempt for his head of state, and had conspired against the country’s strategies and policies unobtrusively in addition to failing on the war front. In the history of armed struggle, no removal of a general had been more justified and imperative as the firing of MacArthur. 39 This is a leadership lesson that reverberates with many people today, wherever lawful authority is profoundly challenged by the poisonous brew of charisma, guile, and hubris. And so the destinies of men and countries may pivot on the completion of these important contests.
For any country to thrive in war and be able to defend its citizens from external forces, there has to be a healthy cooperation and close coordination from the political leadership in power and the leaders of the armed forces. Any form of friction between the government and the forces may cause quite a big stalemate as it will affect making of decisions and weakens the ability to defend the nation. Due to the friction, what the leader in the forces decides may actually contradict with what the governing administration desires to be done and this is what led to the firing of MacArthur by President Truman’s administration.
Conclusion
The paper did an analysis the rise and catastrophic plummet of Douglas MacArthur, an American five-star major and field marshal of the Philippines army with the particular mention on the manner in which the American media elaborated his dismissal under President Harry Truman. In January of 1951, the People Republic of China began advancing offers of harmony. The outreach was confined, China requested for a seven power assembly to be conducted on the matters of the destiny of Korea as well as Formosa's, and on the query of a Chinese UN position. The Americans regarded the Chinese autonomists on Formosa to be the fair administration of China, never desired to offer China a position in the United Nations; the US disallowed the People Republic of China’s advance for peace. As an alternative, at Truman's warning, the UN faulted the People Republic of China for violence.
Information regarding the actions that took place in the history of America and prompted President Harry Truman into firing the general is provided in the entire paper. Renowned media channels are provided with ascertaining the authenticity of the article. MacArthur, then Chief of the Army was reported to be a defiant soldier who defied orders from his superiors to undertake operations in a manner he deemed appropriate. This was brought about by the fact that MacArthur had won various battles and his brilliance in winning wars was clearly evident. Nevertheless, at times he made rash decisions that cost American troops and the nation at large. He publicly defied President Truman's directions and criticized his leadership. Truman and other generals in the army and government tried to caution his actions, but he was too egotistical to heed any advice. Truman was later fired and went back to America where he made his infamous speech, ‘Old soldiers never die; they just fade away.' MacArthur tried to contest for the presidency but little did he know, people admired his past deeds but never considered his fit for the future. That is how General Douglas MacArthur faded away.
Truman made all efforts to fire MacArthur in a well-mannered and political model. Nonetheless, conveyance of the communication was bungled, and MacArthur maybe got the information recycled before attaining straight from the head of state. Republicans as well as American followers of MacArthur were highly distressed by their superman's relieve of duty; Republicans almost brought arraignment trials against President Truman but were forbidden since the JCS maintained a solid stand behind its choice. Nevertheless, MacArthur was received home as a champion, with many parades. Starting May 3 until January 25, 1951, Senate Relations Commission assembled to evaluate the conditions adjoining MacArthur's dismissal. Eventually, the group discovered that MacArthur's firing was vindicated.
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1 Archer, Jules. Frontline General: Douglas MacArthur: America's Most Controversial Hero . New York: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2017.
2 Jackson, Kenneth T., Lisa Keller, and Nancy Flood, eds. The Encyclopedia of New York City . New York: Yale University Press, 2010.
3 Jackson, Kenneth T., Lisa Keller, and Nancy Flood, eds. The Encyclopedia of New York City . New York: Yale University Press, 2010.
4 Jackson, Kenneth T., Lisa Keller, and Nancy Flood, eds. The Encyclopedia of New York City . New York: Yale University Press, 2010.
5 Archer, Jules. Frontline General: Douglas MacArthur: America's Most Controversial Hero . New York: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2017.
6 Archer, Jules. Frontline General: Douglas MacArthur: America's Most Controversial Hero . New York : Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2017.
7 Gilbert, Robert. "Douglas MacArthur: Disordered Narcissist." Constructing the Past . New York: Penguin. 15. (2014): 5.
8 Jackson, Kenneth T., Lisa Keller, and Nancy Flood, eds. The Encyclopedia of New York City . Yale University Press, 2010.
9 Gilbert, Robert. "Douglas MacArthur: Disordered Narcissist." Constructing the Past . New York: Skyhorse Publishing . 15, no. 1 (2014): 5.
10 Gilbert, Robert. "Douglas MacArthur: Disordered Narcissist." Constructing the Past . New York: Skyhorse Publishing 15, no. 1 (2014): 5.
11 Argentina Jr, James G. "The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today." New York: Penguin. (2014): 302.
12 Argentina Jr, James G. "The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today." (2014): 302.
13 Argentina Jr, James G. "The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today." New York: Penguin. (2014): 302.
14 Domagalski, John J. Under a Blood Red Sun: The remarkable story of PT boats in the Philippines and the rescue of General MacArthur . Casemate, 2016.
15 Argentina Jr, James G. "The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today." New York: Penguin. (2014): 302.
16 Hechler, Ken, and Robert P. Watson. "Truman’s MacArthur and MacArthur’s Truman." Northeast Asia and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman: Japan, China, and the Two Koreas . New York: Penguin. (2015): 203.
17 Canterbery, E. Ray. "The economics of a populist president." New York: Penguin. (2014).
18 Canterbery, E. Ray. "The economics of a populist president." New York: Penguin. (2014).
19 Brands, H. W., T. H. Breen, R. Hal Williams, and Ariela J. Gross. American Stories: A History of the United States . New York: Penguin. Vol. 2. Pearson Higher Ed, 2014.
20 Borch, Fred L. "From Camp Judge Advocate to War Crimes Prosecutor: The Career of Captain Frank H. Morrison II, Judge Advocate General's Department." New York: Penguin. Army Law. (2016): 64.
21 Memo of conversation between Harry S. Truman and George Elsey, June 26, 1950, pertaining to the significance of Korea and the threat of Communist takeovers elsewhere. Papers of George M. Elsey.
22 Memo of conversation between Harry S. Truman and George Elsey, June 26, 1950, pertaining to the significance of Korea and the threat of Communist takeovers elsewhere. Papers of George M. Elsey.
23 Speech Explaining the Firing of MacArthur (n.d). TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Memo of conversation between Harry S. Truman and George Elsey, June 26, 1950, pertaining to the significance of Korea and the threat of Communist takeovers elsewhere. Papers of George M. Elsey.
24 Douglas MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, June 30, 1950, addressing the status of the South Korean military situation. Papers of Harry S. Truman: Naval Aide Files.
25 Simkin, John (n.d). Douglas MacArthur. Spartacus Edutional. 1997-2016. New York. Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd
26 Douglas MacArthur to Joint Chiefs of Staff, June 30, 1950, addressing the status of the South Korean military situation. Papers of Harry S. Truman: Naval Aide Files.
27 Truman’s Dismissal of General MacArthur 1951 (n.d).
28 . A Report to the National Security Council - NSC 68, April 14, 1950. Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files.
29 Simkin, John (n.d). Douglas MacArthur. Spartacus Edutional. 1997-2016. New York: Spartacus Educational Publishers Ltd
30 A Report to the National Security Council - NSC 68, April 14, 1950. Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files.
31 Hechler, Ken, and Robert P. Watson. "Truman’s MacArthur and MacArthur’s Truman." Northeast Asia and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman: Japan, China, and the Two Koreas . New York: Penguin. (2015): 203.
32 Hechler, Ken, and Robert P. Watson. "Truman’s MacArthur and MacArthur’s Truman." Northeast Asia and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman: Japan, China, and the Two Koreas . New York: Penguin. (2015): 203.
33 Truman’s Dismissal of General MacArthur 1951 (n.d).
34 Memo of conversation between Harry S. Truman and George Elsey, June 26, 1950, pertaining to the significance of Korea and the threat of Communist takeovers elsewhere. Papers of George M. Elsey.
35 Gilbert, Robert. "Douglas MacArthur: Disordered Narcissist." Constructing the Past : New York: Penguin. 15, no. 1 (2014): 5.
36 Interim Report by the National Security Council, c. August 1950. Papers of George Elsey.
37 Memo of conversation between Harry S. Truman and George Elsey, June 26, 1950, pertaining to the significance of Korea and the threat of Communist takeovers elsewhere. Papers of George M. Elsey.
38 Brands, H. W., T. H. Breen, R. Hal Williams, and Ariela J. Gross. American Stories: A History of the United States . Vol. 2. Pearson Higher Ed, 2014.
39 Memo of conversation between Harry S. Truman and George Elsey, June 26, 1950, pertaining to the significance of Korea and the threat of Communist takeovers elsewhere. Papers of George M. Elsey.
